合成大麻素结构特征分类及其命名问题分析

Confusion and Inadequacy with Nomenclature of Synthetic Cannabinoids

合成大麻素类(synthetic cannabinoids,SCs)新精神活性物质(new psychoactive substances,NPS)是一类针对大麻素受体CB1和CB2的强效激动剂。其分子结构一般由头部、连接、核心、尾部四种基团组成,这种结构的复杂性为化学修饰提供了多种机会,以逃避基于化学结构的立法管制。由于其种类繁多、变异迅速,国内外文献中命名方式多种多样,缺乏统一的规则介绍,毒品实验室在案件侦办中经常遇到同名异物或同物异名的情况,给禁毒工作带来了困扰。本文就合成大麻素的结构分类与命名规则进行了系统总结,介绍并比较了俗称、系列代号、化学名、缩略名这四种常见的命名方式,归纳了各命名方法之间的联系规律,对目前命名系统的不足之处进行了探讨,为禁毒工作提供了参考。

Synthetic cannabinoids(SCs),also known as new psychoactive substances(NPS),are synthetic potent agonists targeting to endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors.SCs’intake will lead to symptoms like marijuana toxicity reaction,thereby posing a major threat to public health.China is globally the fi rst to fully regulate SCs,having implemented the relevant statutes on July 1,2021.Agonists of SC’s receptors have a complex molecular structure,consisting of four components termed as‘head’‘tail’‘core’and‘linker’.Such a structural complexity offers many opportunities for chemical structural transformation to evade drug control and legislation.Moreover,its ever-emerging varieties and rapid variation have even been bringing forth diverse designations about the related SCs in domestic or international literature.Still,there has till now been a lack of introduction on the rules to designate SCs.Drug controlling labs often encounter the situation of different compounds with same name or different names with same compound in case investigations,leaving troubles to drug control work.At present,there are four main ways for designating SCs:colloquial,serial,systematically chemical and systematically abbreviated,with the last systematically abbreviated being by far the most common choice.The systematically abbreviated way takes from the structure of 4 parts of SCs,combining in the order of“linked functional group-tail-core-linker”so that it can more systematically describe some structurally similar substances and easily identify the newly discovered SC’s structure.However,due to the lack of uniform and comprehensive regulations and introduction of rules about designating SC’s systematically abbreviated names,a variety of different abbreviated names have appeared for one SC substance,therewith further complicating the designation system.This paper reviews the structural classification and four designation systems of SC,together with the prospect for SC’s nomenclature system and introduction of some international retrieval database of NPS,purposing to strengthen the understanding of molecular structure,modification rules and designating methods of SC substances,meanwhile improve the accuracy and effectiveness in case investigation,judicial adjudication and academic research.Besides,Attention must be continuously paid to the structure of parent nucleus beyond the regulatory scope of SCs because such a possibility cannot be ruled out that the parent nucleus would mutate into new series of SCs in the future.In conclusion,the nomenclature of SCs really needs to unify and the relevant pharmacological and toxicological data of suspicious structures require to further refi ne so as to both ensure correct and effective communication and avoid omissions between industry researchers and law enforcement regulators.