汉语“NP_(1)+教+NP_(2)+VP”构式的语法化轨迹

The Grammaticalization Track of the Construction“NP_(1)+Jiao+NP_(2)+VP”in the Sinitic Language

文章结合构式语法理论,从语法化视角对汉语“NP_(1)+教+NP_(2)+VP”构式的语法化轨迹展开系统考察,探讨其“使役——被动”的演变机制,得出四点结论:“教”的施事(NP_(1))的意愿性、对动作或事件的操控程度随语法化过程的推移呈现降低趋势;唐代以前“教”字的语法化路径是“教授——指令——致使”,两次转变的动因分别是“教”词源义的分化及其施事的无生化;唐代是“教”字构式向被动句语法化的过渡阶段,表现为“教”的施事隐没,且VP受事话题化,并产生了非自愿容让义,而VP受事的话题化主要有两个原因,即VP中动词的句法-论元配比,以及VP受事的语篇功能及其相关句法操作的影响;近代汉语中“教”字句基本完成向被动结构的转换,这是由“教”的致使义和非自愿容让义发展而来的,体现为“教”的施事与VP受事的角色合并,以及后来NP_(1)和NP_(2)的同步无生化。

This paper aims to systematically explore the grammaticalization track of the construction“NP_(1)+Jiao+NP_(2)+VP”in the sinitic language from the perspectives of both construction grammar theories and grammaticalization.It will discuss over its evolution mechanism of“causative—passive”.Four conclusions are drawn below:(1)A decreasing trend was manifested in the voluntariness of“jiao”'s agent(NP_(1))and its controlling degree of the movement or event as the grammaticalization proceeded;(2)Before the Tang Dynasty,the grammaticalization route of the word“jiao”was“instructional—imperative—causative”,the causes of which two conversions were respectively the differentiation of the etymological sense of“jiao”and the de-vitalization of its agent;(3)The Tang Dynasty is the very transitional phase for the grammaticalization of“jiao”-marked construction towards the passive sentence,in which the fading of the word“jiao”,the topicalization of VP's patient,and the generation of the involuntary allowance meaning took place;the topicalization of VP's patient was driven by two causes,which are the allocation of its syntax and arguments in VP's verb and the influence from VP's patient's textual function coupled with its relevant syntactical operation;(4)In the neoteric sinitic language the evolution of“jiao”-marked sentence into the passive construction was basically completed,which resulted from“jiao”'s causative and involuntary allowance meanings along with the role merging of“jiao”'s agent and VP's patient as well as the following procedure of simultaneous de-vitalization of NP_(1) and NP_(2).