规制科学活动的南极国际法规范的类型、结构与性质分析--以南极条约协商会议文件为研究对象

The types,structures,and nature of Antarctic international legal norms on regulating scientific activities-Analysis of the documents of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings

科学活动是南极地区最主要的人类活动类型,是中国参与南极治理和制定国际法需要重点关注的规制对象。南极条约协商会议的文件中存在大量关于科学活动的规范。这些规范并不是单一的命令式的管理规定,而是存在多种类型、不同表述、不同法律效力的规定,进而对科学活动会产生多样化的规制效果。本文基于对南极条约协商会议在1961—2019年间的会议文件的分析,全面系统探讨了涉及科学活动的国际法规范,这些会议文件包含七种规制科学活动的规范类型。这些规范是由被规制的主体、规制行为的模式、被规制的对象所构成。最后,分析了这些会议文件的国际法性质。系统全面阐释这些涉及科学活动的规范本质,将为我国深入参与南极国际法的制定与修改提供理论支撑和参考,进而在国际法层面维护我国在南极的合法权益。

Scientific activity is the most important human activity in Antarctica,and it is a key regulatory object in Antarctic governance and the formation of international law.A large number of norms on scientific activities exist in the meeting documents of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings.These norms are not simply prescriptive regulatory provisions,but rather demonstrate multiple regulatory types,use different expressions,and have diverse legal effects on scientific activities in Antarctica.This paper comprehensively discussed these norms in the documents of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings held from 1961 to 2019.We identify seven types of international legal norms on scientific activities.These norms are composed of three parts:subjects of the norm,behavioral patterns,and objects of the norm.Furthermore,we analyzed the legal nature of these meeting documents.Accurate and systematic understanding and interpretation of the essence of these norms on scientific activities could facilitate China’s participation in the maintenance and development of the Antarctic Treaty System.