预防性环境民事公益诉讼“重大风险”的认定与适用

Identification and application of“significant risk”in preventive environmental civil public interest litigation

目前,中国预防性环境民事公益诉讼的职能没有得到较好发挥,其中最核心的问题是预防性环境民事公益诉讼“重大风险”认定与适用存在障碍。以风险预防原则作为认知视域,从危害预期、不确定性、因果关系与证明机制4个方向对“重大风险”进行系统认知;从预防性环境民事公益诉讼的实践来看,“重大风险”适用存在“重大风险”范围不清、内涵不明、因果关系认定方式不当和认定路径模糊等问题。因此,需要在风险预防原则的指导下,完善预防性环境民事公益诉讼中“重大风险”适用规则,包括:明晰危害预期区间,明确“重大风险”内涵;重构因果关系认定方式,合理分配证明责任;完善证明机制,优化“重大风险”认定路径。

At present,the function of preventive environmental civil public interest litigation in China has not been brought into full play,and the core problem is the obstacles in the identification and application of“significant risk”of preventive environmental civil public interest litigation.Taking the risk prevention principle as the cognitive perspective,the“significant risk”was systematically recognized from the four directions of hazard expectation,uncertainty,causality and proof mechanism.From the practice of preventive environmental civil public interest litigation,there were some problems in the application of“significant risk”,such as unclear scope,unclear connotation,improper identification method of causality and fuzzy identification path.Therefore,the application rules of“significant risk”in preventive environmental civil public interest litigation needed to be improved under the guidance of the principle of risk prevention,including clearly defining the expected range of hazard and the connotation of“significant risk”,reconstructing the way of causality identification and reasonably allocating the proof liability,improving the proof mechanism and optimizing the identification path of“significant risk”.