不同有机肥和大量及微量元素配比对油茶生长及产量相关指标影响

Effects of different ratios of organic fertilizer,large and trace elements on growth and yield of oil-tea camellia

为获得油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel)的最佳肥料配方,对盛果期油茶林进行不同肥料配方的施用试验,试验选用13个因素各3个水平27个处理的正交试验设计,对9年生油茶林开展不同水平有机肥料及营养元素组配施肥试验研究,在油茶不同生育期分别测定春梢、叶片、开花和2年产量等指标,并分析和比较油茶生长发育和产量相关指标及各养分元素对油茶各项指标影响的权重,据此明确肥料养分配比,以期为油茶高效栽培推荐最佳专用肥配方。结果表明:磷元素对顶梢和一级侧梢影响较大,镁对二级和三级侧梢影响较大,促进春梢生长最佳肥料配方为1.5 kg有机肥中加入0.1 kg尿素、0.05 kg过磷酸钙、0.2 kg氯化钾、62 mg/L硼酸和493 mg/L硫酸镁;有机肥对叶片相关指标影响较大,其次是钾元素,促进叶片生长最佳肥料配方为1.5 kg有机肥中加入0.05 kg尿素、0.2 kg过磷酸钙、0.1 kg氯化钾、4930 mg/L硫酸镁和2.78 mg/L七水硫酸亚铁;磷对开花时间影响最大,其次是钾和氮,最佳肥料配方为0.5 kg有机肥中加入0.2 kg尿素、0.2 kg过磷酸钙、0.2 kg氯化钾、62 mg/L硼酸、4930mg/L硫酸镁、27.8 mg/L七水硫酸亚铁和0.25 mg/L四水钼酸铵;硼元素对当年产量及结果数量影响较大,其次是钾和铁元素;磷元素对下一年产量影响最大,钾元素次之;提高油茶产量最佳肥料配方为1.5 kg有机肥加入0.05 kg尿素、0.2 kg过磷酸钙、0.1 kg氯化钾、62 mg/L硼酸、493 mg/L硫酸镁和2.5 mg/L四水钼酸铵。结合叶片、产量指标和化肥减施及施肥成本等因素,认为在贵州铜仁地区,推荐盛果期油茶肥料配方为每株1.5 kg有机肥配施0.05 kg尿素、0.2kg过磷酸钙、0.1 kg氯化钾、62 mg/L硼酸、4930 mg/L硫酸镁、2.78 mg/L七水硫酸亚铁及0.25 mg/L四水钼酸铵。

In order to obtain the best fertilizer formula of oil-tea camellia,different fertilizer formulas were applied during the production period,the 9-year trees were selected to apply different levels of fertilizer and nutrient elements,13 factors were selected,each factor was set with three levels,and 27 treatments orthogonal design was carried out.The spring shoots,leaves,flowers,and two-year yields were measured in different growth stages.The indicators related to the growth and yield of oil-tea camellia and the weights of each nutrient element on the various indicators of oil-tea camellia were analyzed and compared,so as to provide the best special fertilizer for efficient cultivation of oil-tea camellia.The results showed that phosphorus had a great influence on top shoot and primary lateral shoot,while magnesium had a great influence on secondary and tertiary lateral shoot.The best fertilizer formula for promoting spring shoot growth was 1.5 kg organic fertilizer with 0.1 kg urea,0.05 kg calcium superphosphate,0.2 kg potassium chloride,62 mg/L boric acid and 493 mg/L magnesium sulfate for each plant.The organic fertilizer had great influence on leaf related indexes,followed by potassium element,the best fertilizer formula for promoting leaf growth was 1.5 kg organic fertilizer with 0.05 kg urea,0.2 kg calcium superphosphate,0.1 kg potassium chloride,4930 mg/L magnesium sulfate and 2.78 mg/L ferrious sulfate heptahydrate ferric salt for each plant.Phosphorus had greatest effect on flowering time,followed by potassium and nitrogen,and the best fertilizer formula for promoting flowering time was 0.5 kg organic fertilizer with 0.2 kg urea,0.2 kg calcium superphosphate,0.2 kg potassium chloride,62 mg/L boric acid,4930 mg/L magnesium sulfate,27.8 mg/L ferroussalfate and 0.25 mg/L ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate.The boron had a great influence on the yield and fruiting quantity of the current year,followed by potassium and iron,phosphorus had the greatest influence on the yield of the next year,followed by potassium,the fertilizer formula for promoting the yield was 1.5 kg organic fertilizer with 0.05 kg urea,0.2 kg calcium superphosphate,0.1 kg potassium fertilizer,62 mg/L boric acid,493 mg/L magnesium sulfate and 2.5 mg/L ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate.Combined with the factors of leaves,yield index,fertilizer reduction and cost,it was suggested that 1.5 kg organic fertilizer with 0.05kg urea,0.2 kg calcium superphosphate,0.1 kg potassium fertilizer,62 mg/L boric acid,4930 mg/L magnesium sulfate,2.78 mg/L ferroussalfate and 0.25 mg/L ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate was recommended for full fruit stage of oil-tea camellia in Tongren,Guizhou.