新疆棉花化肥利用效率研究

Investigation of fertilizer use efficiency for cotton in Xinjiang

研究新疆棉花化肥利用效率现状对于指导棉花科学施肥、提高化肥利用效率、减少不合理化肥投入具有重要意义。2018-2019年,在新疆棉区开展了34个田间试验,试验设置氮磷钾(NPK)、无氮(PK)、无磷(NK)、无钾(NP)4个处理,研究新疆实际农业生产施肥条件下棉花氮、磷和钾肥产量反应、农学效率、利用率等特征。新疆棉花施用氮、磷、钾肥均有明显的增产效果,增产率分别为31.89%、17.82%、11.08%。NPK处理每形成100 kg籽棉需要氮(N)5.29 kg(3.26-6.51 kg)、磷(P_(2)O_(5))1.01 kg(0.61-1.52 kg)、钾(K_(2)O)4.83 kg(3.11-8.22 kg)。棉花氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率分别为4.95(1.46-10.28)、5.30(0.49-10.34)、7.44(0.96-20.15)kg·kg^(-1),表现为钾肥>磷肥>氮肥。棉花氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别为38.68%(25.53%-57.25%)、14.76%(2.43%-34.00%)、49.25%(30.04%-74.79%)。氮、磷肥利用效率均随施用量的增大而减小,钾肥利用效率与施钾量关系不大。

Understanding the current situation of fertilizer use efficiency in Xinjiang is very important to guide scientific and rational fertilization of cotton,improve fertilizer use efficiency and reduce unreasonable fertilizer input.From 2018 to 2019,four treatments were set up in 34 cotton planting sites in Xinjiang,including NPK(nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium application),PK(phosphorus and potassium application),NK(nitrogen and potassium application)and NP(nitrogen and phosphorus application),to study the effects of chemical fertilizer on cotton yield,agronomic efficiency and utilization rate under the actual agricultural production conditions in Xinjiang.The application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers significantly increased cotton yield in Xinjiang,with the yield increasing rates of 31.89%,17.82%and 11.08%,respectively.NPK treatment required 5.29 kg(3.26-6.51 kg)of N,1.01 kg(0.61-1.52 kg)of P_(2)O_(5) and 4.83 kg(3.11-8.22 kg)of K_(2)O for per 100 kg of seed cotton.The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was 4.95(1.46-10.28),5.30(0.49-10.34)and 7.44(0.96-20.15)kg·kg^(-1),respectively,which showed as potassium>phosphorus>nitrogen.The use efficiency of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium were 38.68%(25.53%-57.25%),14.76%(2.43%-34.00%)and 49.25%(30.04%-74.79%),respectively.The use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased with the increase of application rate,whereas the use efficiency of potassium had little influence on the amount of potassium.