不同类型控释氮肥对冬小麦群体结构、产量和氮效率的影响

Effects of Different Types of Controlled-Release N Fertilizers on Population Structure,Yield and Nitrogen Efficiency of Winter Wheat

为探明不同类型控释氮肥在冬小麦上的节肥增产效果,采用田间大区试验法,设置不施氮(CK)、普通氮肥优化施用(OPT)和5个不同类型控释氮肥(编号A~E)共7个处理,研究不同类型控释氮肥对冬小麦群体结构、花后干物质累积、产量和氮效率等的影响。结果表明:(1)施用控释氮肥可以显著增加公顷穗数,控释氮肥各处理较OPT处理增加7.5%~10.4%,但对穗粒数无显著影响。控释氮肥B处理千粒重最高,与控释氮肥C、D、E处理差异显著。(2)施用控释氮肥可以促进小麦冬前分蘖和春季分蘖,增加有效分蘖数,其中控释氮肥A处理冬前分蘖数和分蘖成穗率最高,C、D、E处理春季最大分蘖数和单株分蘖数显著高于其他处理。(3)控释氮肥A、B、D、E处理显著提高花后同化物向籽粒输入比例,增加籽粒干物质积累量,与OPT处理相比,花后同化物输入量提高6.9%~13.3%,控释氮肥C对花前花后干物质的运移无显著影响。(4)控释氮肥B处理小麦产量最高,显著高于其他处理,较OPT增产7.1%;其他控释氮肥处理小麦产量稳定,与OPT无显著差异。(5)与OPT相比,控释氮肥各处理氮肥利用率提高31.9%~89.0%,土壤氮素依存率降低4.6%~12.1%。本试验条件下,控释氮肥B处理节肥增产效果较好,是比较适合本地区冬小麦一次性施用的控释氮肥类型。

In order to explore the effects of different type of controlled-release N fertilizers on fertilizer saving and yield increasing of winter wheat,we conducted a field trial with seven treatments as no nitrogen application(CK),optimum application of common N fertilizer(OPT)and five different types of controlled-release N fertilizers(A~E).Their effects on wheat population structure,dry matter accumulation after anthesis,yield and nitrogen efficiency were studied.The results showed that:(1)The application of controlled-release N fertilizers could increase spike number per hectare obviously,which increased by 7.5%~10.4%compared with OPT treatment,but had no significant effect on grain number per ear.The 1000-grain weight of wheat was the highest under controlled-release N fertilizer treatment B,which was significantly higher than that of treatments C,D and E.(2)The application of controlled-release N fertilizer could promote tillering before wintering and in spring and increase effective tillers.The tiller number before wintering and tillering percentage of the controlled-release N fertilizer A was the highest.(3)The controlled-release N fertilizer A,B,D and E significantly increased the proportion of assimilate into grains after flowering and dry matter accumulation in grains;their post anthesis assimilate input increased by 6.9%~13.3%compared with OPT treatment.The controlled-release N fertilizer C had no significant influence on dry matter transportation.(4)The wheat yield of controlled-release N fertilizer B was significantly higher than that of the other treatments,and increased by 7.1%compared with OPT treatment.The other controlled-release N fertilizers had stable yield and had no significant difference with that of OPT treatment.(5)Compared with OPT treatment,all controlled-release N fertilizer treatments increased the nitrogen use efficiency by 31.9%~89.0%and decreased the soil nitrogen dependence by 4.6%~12.1%.Under the experimental conditions,the controlled-release N fertilizer B was more suitable for single use for winter wheat.