大型电动轮矿车节能及零排放技术路线

Technical route of energy saving and zero-emissionfor large-scale electric mining truck

大型电动轮矿车是露天矿山的主要运载装备,承担了世界上约40%的煤矿和80%的铁矿的运输任务,其传动系统采用“柴油发电+电动轮驱动”的电力传动架构,存在燃油消耗大、碳排放高的缺点。在国家“碳达峰”、“碳中和”宏观背景下,研发高效节能、低碳环保、自主可控的新一代电力传动系统已成为行业重大需求和关键问题。通过矿山运行数据分析、文献调研、性能对比等方式,系统分析了电动轮矿车电力传动系统的研究现状、特点和不足,提出了大型电动轮矿车从节能减排至完全零排放的技术路线。研究表明,在大型电动轮矿车的工作过程中,伴随着复杂的多源能量产生、存储、转化、消耗机制,其节能减排空间巨大,主要涉及电能转化与高效率利用、机械能回收与再生利用、柴油燃烧发电3个环节。首先,在电能转化与高效率利用环节,结合露天矿山工况特点,采用智能网联技术和双向功率流电力传动技术,可实现电力传动系统双向功率流控制和能量优化管理,从而提高运行效率,降低碳排放。其次,在机械能回收与再生利用环节,根据电动轮矿车在矿山工况中的整车机械能、储能系统电化学能、制动电阻栅热能的时空转换规律,采用功率型锂离子电池技术,以及锂电池与超级电容混合储能技术,可实现制动机械能的回收和再生利用,从而显著降低碳排放。最后,在柴油燃烧发电环节,采用氢燃料电池发电技术替代柴油发电技术,并通过煤制氢、可再生能源制氢方式就近获取氢能源,可形成露天矿山氢能源高效利用内循环,具有完全零排放、质量能量密度高、发电效率高等优点,是电动轮矿车乃至露天矿山运输环节实现零排放的理想解决方案和中长期技术路线。

The electric mining trucks are the main transportation equipment for open-pit mines,and undertake the transportation tasks for about 40%of coal mines and 80%of iron oremines in the world.Their transmission system adopts the structure of“diesel power generation-electric wheel drive”,which has the disadvantages of large fuel consumption and high carbon emission.Driven by the“carbon peak”and“carbon neutrality”policies proposed by the Chinese government,the research and development of a new generation power transmission system with the features of energy-efficient,low-carbon and independently controllable has become a major demand and key issue in the coal industry.Using mine operation data analysis,literature research,and technical performance comparison,the current research status,characteristics and shortcomings of the existing electric drive system of electric mining trucks are analyzed,and a technical route from energy saving to net-zero emissions is proposed.The results show that the electric mining truck works along with complex multi-source energy generation,storage,conversion,and consumption mechanisms.Meanwhile,there is huge space for energy saving and emission reduction,which mainly involves three aspects,namely electrical energy conversion and high-efficiency utilization,mechanical energy recovery,and diesel combustion for electrical energy generation.Firstly,in the process of electrical energy conversion and high-efficiency utilization,it is believed that the use of vehicle-to-everything(V2X)and bidirectional electric drive technology can realize power and energy optimization management of the electric power transmission system,thus improving operational efficiency and reducing carbon emissions.Secondly,in the process of mechanical energy recovery,according to the conversion laws of multiple energy(including the mechanical energy of the vehicle,the electrochemical energy of the energy storage system,and the thermal energy of the braking resistor)in time and space domains,the application of high specific power a lithium-ion battery technology,as well as lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor hybrid energy storage technology,can achieve the recovery and recyce of braking energy,thereby significantly reducing carbon emissions.Thirdly,in the process of diesel combustion for electrical energy generation,the use of hydrogen fuel cell technology instead of diesel power generation technology,along with the availability of hydrogen energy from coal and renewable energy sources nearby,will create an internal cycle of efficient hydrogen energy use in open-pit mines.The hydrogen fuel cell technology has the advantages of net-zero emission,high mass energy density,and high power generation efficiency,which makes it an ideal solution and long-term technology route to achieve carbon neutrality for electric mining trucks and even for the whole transportation system of open-pit mines.