农民土地权益何以从“分配”到“自主”?——中国共产党百年农地制度改革的探索与经验

How do Farmers’Land Rights and Interests Go from“Distribution”to“Autonomy”?Exploration and Experience of Agricultural Land System Since the Founding of the Communist Party of China(CPC)

建党百年农地制度变迁是以农民土地产权为核心的农民利益实现史。农地制度变迁是对不同时期农民农地所有权、直接经营收益权、处分权、保障个体承包权益、市场流转、放活土地经营权等需求的满足。地权主体结构由国家、集体和农民分割向农户倾向,逐步解决了土地农民归属、农民自主经营、农民产权主体地位、农民农地权能等问题,农民的土地权益从简单的“物”的分配关系发展到多层次、多权能的物权保障和经济利益体现。在以转让权为核心的农地配置方式和开发收益分配上,沿着“渐进放开管制使用权”“保障农民处分的自主性”“赋予农民财产权”的逻辑演进。新时代全面深化农地制度改革要遵循历史成功改革逻辑和经验,仍要以农民土地利益实现为根本,通过农民土地权能保障和市场化配置支撑多种农业经营形式。

The change of the agricultural land system in the past century of the founding of the Party is the history of the realization of farmers’interests with the farmers’land property rights as the core.It is embodied in:(1)The change of farmland system is to meet the needs of farmers in different periods of farmland ownership,direct management income rights,disposal rights,protection of individual contract rights,market circulation,and the release of land management.(2)The main structure of land rights has changed from the division of the state,collectives and farmers to farmers,gradually solving the problems of land farmers’ownership,farmers’independent management,the main status of farmers’property rights,farmers’farmland power and other issues,farmers’land rights and interests have developed from a simple distribution relationship of"things"to multi-level and multifunctional property rights protection and economic interests.(3)With regard to the allocation of farmland and the distribution of development benefits centered on the right to transfer,it evolves along the logic of“gradually releasing control and use rights”,“ensuring farmers’autonomy in disposal”,and“giving farmers property rights”.To comprehensively deepen the reform of the agricultural land system in the new era,we should follow the logic and experience of successful reform in history,still take the realization of farmers’land interests as the foundation,and support a variety of agricultural management forms through farmers’land power guarantee and market-oriented allocation.