中国优秀蹦床运动员两种跳跃模式的下肢肌肉活动特征比较研究--基于原地纵跳和网上垂直跳

A Comparative Study on Muscular Work Characteristics of Chinese Elite Trampoline Athletes in Two Kind of Jumping Conditions:Based on Counter Movement Jump and Vertical Jump on Net

目的:为我国蹦床运动员体能训练效益向专项运动表现转化提供参考。运用文献研究法、访谈法、测试法和数理统计法分析中国优秀蹦床运动员两种跳跃模式的下肢肌群的表面肌电均方根值(RMS),探讨蹦床网上垂直跳和原地纵跳下肢发力肌群表面肌电特征。结果:相较下肢其他测试肌肉,1)在蹦床垂直跳压网阶段和原地纵跳落地缓冲阶段,男子受试者股直肌和股二头肌表面肌电RMS数值最大,女子受试者股直肌表面肌电RMS数值最大;2)在蹦床垂直跳起网阶段和原地纵跳落地蹬伸阶段,男子受试者腓肠肌和股直肌的表面肌电RMS的数值最大,女子受试者股直肌表面肌电RMS的数值最大;3)在蹦床垂直跳腾空上升和下落阶段,男子受试者腓肠肌和股直肌的表面肌电RMS的数值最大,女子受试者股直肌和胫骨前肌的表面肌电RMS的数值最大。结论:1)蹦床运动员在压网阶段为获得更高的起跳高度,需要主动蹬伸蹦床网面储备更大的弹性势能,此时股直肌激活程度高。2)蹦床网上垂直跳时腓肠肌与股二头肌发力时间相对延后,股直肌和胫骨前肌发力时间相对提前,有利于蹦床网面弹起时发力,同时有助于维持触网阶段的身体稳定性和刚度,进而获得更高的跳跃高度。3)蹦床运动员在足部触网过程中胫骨前肌激活程度越高、身体稳定性越好,蹦床腾空高度就越高。

Objective:To provide reference for trampoline athletes that improve the benefit transformation from trampoline physical training to special sports.Literature research,expert interview,testing method and mathematical statistics are used in the study to analyze the RMS of surface EMG of lower limb muscle groups of Chinese elite trampoline athletes in two jumping modes.Results:Muscle display compared to other muscles in the lower extremities,1)The RMS values of rectus femoris and biceps femoris in men were the highest in vertical jump net pressing stage and landing buffer stage,while the RMS value of rectus femoris was the highest in women.2)The RMS values of gastrocnemius and rectus femoris in men were the highest in the vertical jump netting stage and ground pedaling stage,while the RMS value of rectus femoris was the highest in women.3)The RMS values of gastrocnemius and rectus femoris in men were the highest in the vertical jump ascending and descending stages of flight,while the RMS values of rectus femoris and anterior tibial muscle were the highest in women.Conclusions:1)In the net pressing stage,the active push of trampoline that athletes can make trampoline net surface reserve more elastic potential energy,and the activation degree of rectus femoris muscle is high.2)The force generation time of gastrocnemius muscle and biceps femoris muscle is relatively delayed in the trampoline net touching stage,while the force time of rectus femoris muscle and tibia anterior muscle is relatively early,which is conducive to the muscle force of the net against the net surface elasticity,and helps to maintain the body stability and stiffness of the net,which help the athletes get a higher height.3)The higher the activation degree of anterior tibial muscle of trampoline athletes in the process of touching the net with the feet,the better the stability of the body and the higher jumping height of trampoline.