身体活动习惯养成因素、测评方法及干预策略的国际经验解析与启示

Analysis and Implications of International Experience on the Factors,Measurement Methods and Intervention Strategies of Forming Physical Activity Habits

人类的日常行为多由习惯主导,养成良好的身体活动习惯对个体的身心健康将产生积极地促进作用。运用文献资料、逻辑分析等研究方法,对全球范围内涉及身体活动习惯养成的概念、影响因素、测量方法以及干预策略进行系统梳理,发现身体活动习惯作为一种复杂的行为,是在稳定的环境中自动或有意触发、执行动作控制,并经过反复体验而形成的规律性身体活动行为方式。身体活动习惯养成受线索触发、行为重复与行为维持等个体内部过程性因素和以家庭、学校、社会等外部环境因素的综合影响。习惯测量多采用外显测量法和内隐测量法,外显测量法呈现出测量内容片面、回忆性偏差及个体认知偏向等短板,而运用日记研究和生态瞬时评估等经验取样的内隐测量法则可对身体活动行为及认知、情感、环境背景等相关信息进行多次动态实时评估,测量具有可靠性及优越性。线索触发-行为重复策略、环境重组策略以及社会生态因素策略,是全球身体活动习惯养成的主要干预策略。未来我国该领域的相关研究,首先应借鉴综合学科的习惯理论全面阐释身体活动习惯的概念,进而利用现代信息技术跟踪个体身体活动行为随时间、环境改变的变化趋势,在此基础上制定捕获行为习惯的措施和方案,从而有效促进个体身体活动习惯的养成。

The daily behavior of human beings is mostly dominated by habits,and developing good physical activity habits will have a positive impact on individuals’physical and mental health.This paper uses literature review,logical analysis and other research methods to systematically sort out the concepts,influencing factors,measurement methods and intervention strategies related to the development of physical activity habits around the world,and finds that physical activity habits are a complex behavior,which is a pattern of regular physical activity automatically or intentionally triggered and executed in a stable environment,and is formed through repeated experience.Developing physical activity habits is influenced by individuals’internal process factors such as triggering,behavior repetition and behavior maintenance,and by external environmental factors such as family,school,and society.Both explicit and implicit measurement methods are used for habit measurement.Explicit measurement methods show shortcomings such as one-sided measurement content,recall bias,and individual cognitive biases,while using the implicit measurement method of empirical sampling such as diary research and ecological instantaneous measurement can conduct multiple dynamic real-time measurement of physical activity behavior and related information such as cognition,emotion,and environmental background;such measurement is reliable and superior.The cue-triggered-behavior repetition strategy,the environmental reorganization strategy,and the social-ecological factor strategy are the main intervention strategies for forming physical activity habits.For future research on this field in China,the concept of physical activity habit should be fully explained by referring to the habit theory of comprehensive disciplines,and the changing trend of individual physical activity behavior with time and environment should be tracked by using modern information technology.On this basis,measures and plans for capturing behavior habit should be formulated to effectively help individuals form physical activity habits.