文化教育的辩证——晚清理学复兴对福建学校教育影响的再思考

Dialectics of Cultural Education:Rethinking the Influence of the Revival of Neo-Confucianism on School Education in Fujian in the Late Qing Dynasty

晚清理学复兴具有深刻的历史背景,其进入教育领域后,既推动了教育的学校化,但也阻碍了教育的近代化进程。晚清福建学校教育的变革,呈现出亦新亦旧的特征:一方面强调对旧式学校的改革,增加新的教学内容和教学方法;另一方面又拘泥于旧的人才培养要求,力图以“旧学”规范“新学”、以“中学”规范“西学”。课程不仅仅是一种教育文化,同时也是一种文化在教育中的表现。从晚清福建教育改革的实践来看,其在批判传统“经学中心主义”教育的过程中,并未建构起相对完备且具有自身特色的教育体系。当时的学校教育并不能承担起“文化熔炉”的作用,中西文化之间的矛盾在此后集中爆发,并在客观上造成了中华传统文化的断裂,呈现出“托克维尔悖论”。可见,文化认同教育不是孤立的,必须要以必要的文化自觉为支撑。

The revival of Neo-Confucianism in the late Qing Dynasty had a profound historical background.After being introduced into the field of education,it promoted the schooling of education,but hindered the modernization of education.As far as the reform of school education in Fujian in the late Qing Dynasty is concerned,it presents the characteristics that can be described as both new and old:on the one hand,it emphasizes the reform of old schools and adds new teaching contents and methods;on the other hand,it adheres to the old requirements of personnel training and tries to standardize“new learning”with“old learning”and“Western learning”with“Chinese learning”.Curriculum is not only an educational culture,but also an expression of culture in education.In view of the practice of educational reform in Fujian in the late Qing Dynasty,in the process of criticizing the traditional Confucian classics centered education,it did not build a relatively complete education system with its own characteristics.At that time,the school education could not play the role of“cultural melting pot”.After that,the contradiction between Chinese and Western cultures broke out intensively,and objectively caused the fracture of Chinese traditional culture,presenting the Tocqueville Paradox.Cultural identity education is not isolated,it must be supported by essential cultural awareness.