儿童喘息性疾病的病原学及临床特征分析

Analysis of the Etiology and Clinical Characteristics of Asthmatic Diseases in Children

喘息是婴幼儿时期最常见的呼吸道症状之一,是一组临床综合征。婴幼儿喘息是一种异质性疾病,有文献研究提示近1/3的婴幼儿曾经发生过喘息,1年内发生持续性喘息的比例大概为1/3(喘息持续时间≥4周)。喘息可由多种原因引起,如闭塞性细支气管炎、气管支气管软化症、血管环压迫、支气管肺发育不良、气道内异物、胃食管反流、迁延性细菌性支气管炎等,但绝大多数喘息与感染及过敏相关。近年来婴幼儿喘息的患病率呈现日渐升高的趋势,部分患儿会发生反复喘息甚至有可能演变为哮喘。对于反复喘息患儿如何有效鉴别及早期干预一直是当今研究的热点。该文就婴幼儿喘息的年龄、性别特征、季节特征、感染的病原构成、临床特征及诊断进行综述。

Wheezing is one of the most common respiratory symptoms in infants and young children,and it is a group of clinical syndromes.Wheezing in infants and young children is a heterogeneous disease.Studies in the literature suggest that nearly 1/3 of infants and young children have experienced wheezing,and then the proportion of persistent wheezing within 1 year is about 1/3(wheezing duration≥4 weeks).Wheezing can be caused by a variety of reasons,such as bronchiolitis obliterans,tracheobronchiomalacia,vascular ring compression,bronchopulmonary dysplasia,foreign bodies in the airways,gastroesophageal reflux,and persistent bacterial bronchitis.But the vast majority of wheezing is related to infections and allergies.In recent years,the prevalence of wheezing in infants and young children has shown an increasing trend,and some children may experience repeated wheezing and may even evolve into asthma.How to effectively identify and intervene in children with recurrent wheezing has always been a hot research topic.This article reviews the age,gender characteristics,seasonal characteristics,pathogenic composition,clinical characteristics and diagnosis of wheezing in infants and young children.