美国高等教育领域多样性的价值与理念探析

An Analysis of the Value and Idea of Diversity in American Higher Education

美国联邦最高法院对多样性价值的肯定源于“斯韦特案”(1950)和“麦克劳林案”(1950)对高等教育领域种族隔离不利于加强思想交流的判决论断,后在“巴基案”(1978)中明确提出,并在之后的“格鲁特案”(2003)和“费雪案”(2013,2016)中不断确立起来。自1978年“巴基案”后,最高法院始终将多样性作为一项迫切的州利益,认为能够产生重大的教育价值。多样性的教育价值通过学生在大学校园里的三种多样性经历形式体现出来:结构多样性;非正式互动多样性;课堂多样性。然而,联邦最高法院为确保在招生中考虑种族因素而将平权运动从关注平等议题的民权逻辑向能够产生多样性教育价值的功利逻辑的变迁,则减少了人们对平等议题的关注,延续了白人至上和有色人种的从属地位,提高了“逆向冒充”发生率等。因此,如何在保持校园多样性的同时,又能克服平权运动多样性理念的消极影响,成为后民权时代的重要议题。

The U.S. Supreme Court’s affirmation of the benefits of diversity stems from the judgments of "Sweatt Case"(1950)and "Mclaurin Case"(1950)that segregation in higher education is not conducive to strengthening the exchange of ideas. Later,this affirmation was clearly put forward in "Bakke"(1978),and constantly established in the later "Grutter Case"(2003)and "Fisher Case"(2013,2016).The Supreme Court,from beginning to end,has regarded diversity as a compelling state interest,considering that it could produce significant educational benefits. The educational benefits of diversity are embodied in three forms of diversity experience:structural diversity;classroom diversity;informal interaction diversity. However,in order to ensure that racial factors are taken into account in enrollment,the Federal Supreme Court’s shift from a civil rights logic that focuses on equality issues to a utilitarian logic that can generate diversity benefits has reduced people’s attention to equality issues and perpetuated white supremacy and the subordination of colored people and so on.Therefore,how to maintain campus diversity and overcome the negative impact of the concept of diversity in Affirmative Action has become an important issue in the Post-Civil Rights Era.