凌入中泓:清代黄河下游的凌汛与应对

Ice Flood of the Yellow River in Qing Dynasty and Authoritative Management

凌汛是因冰凌阻塞河道而引起的水位壅涨现象,发掘清代档案等史料,结合当代科学研究,可知清代黄河下游凌汛的生成,是热力、河道、水力等多种因素共同作用的结果。其演变过程可分为结冰期、封冻期、开河期。清代黄河下游的凌汛对于堤防、运道、民生、吏治等产生了直接影响。在采取整治河道、修固堤埽、打凌破冰等工程措施的同时,也有管理监测与治理观念等对策。咸丰五年(1855)黄河于铜瓦厢改道之后,黄河下游的防凌主体也由国家向地方与民间转移。

The ice flood which coused by thermodynamic,boundary and hydraulic effects around the downstream Yellow River switching its course,had different levels of impact on the embankment,river transportation,resident livelihood and authority governance.During the early and middle Qing Dynasty,the authority managed to harness the Yellow River with its nationwide power,making the ice flood less notable.However,in process of time,the authoritative power became weakening and the increasing riverbed siltation changed the river-harness system.The system emphasized the three flood periods of spring,summer and fall.During the late Qing Dynasty,the four periods are equally significant,of which the ice flood was even the most pressing.The authority and the riverside residents always made an active or passive response to the ice flood during the Qing Dynasty.