清前期回疆的水稻种植

The Rice Planting in Huijiang in Early Qing Dynasty

从满汉文档案结合传统文献记载看,清前期回疆官方开展水稻种植的目的主要在于供应驻扎及过往官员口粮,兼及回疆年班伯克等人员需求;清朝统一回疆之初,西四城中的喀什噶尔、英吉沙尔与叶尔羌三城,以及东四城附属城庄库尔勒、沙雅尔与拜城三地均为既有维吾尔稻田产区;但东四城喀喇沙尔、库车、阿克苏与乌什在统一回疆初期由绿营试种水稻,和阗迟至嘉庆元年由当地官府引导维吾尔百姓种植,以上五城均属水稻新扩产区。清朝供给官员稻米的制度性规定,成为清前期回疆水稻种植地域扩大的直接原因。可见,清前期回疆农业经济不止得到“恢复”,也有新的“发展”,并最终影响了清末回疆水稻种植。

Based on the Manchu and Chinese archives and combined with the traditional literature records,the paper discusses the reasons why rice planting were carried out in the Huijiang in the early Qing Dynasty.Rice was mainly used for the rations of local garrison and passing officials,as well as the banquet for annual beg and vassal tributing officials;moreover,the paper illustrates the history of rice planting in the Huijiang in detail which showed that the rice was already planted by local Uighur in the Eastern(eg.Korla,Shayaer,Baicheng)and Western cities(eg.Kashgar,Yangishar,Yarkand)of Huijiang.But four cities’rice planting of the East(eg.Kara shar,Kucha,Aksu,Ush)were planted by Han Green Standard forces planting during the initial time of renotification of Huijiang;at the encouragement of local officials,Khotan’s Uighur also started planting rice at least in 1796.The five cities which planted rice should be newly expanded areas.As mentioned above,the institutional regulations of the Qing Dynasty on the supply of rice to officials were the direct reasons for the expansion of rice planting areas in Xinjiang during the early Qing Dynasty.This paper makes us realize that the agricultural economy of the Huijiang at that time was not only just‘restored’but also had new‘development’factors,and ultimately affected the rice cultivation in the late Qing Dynasty.