海洋塑料垃圾污染国际治理进程与对策

International Governance Progress in Marine Plastic Litter Pollution and Policy Recommendations

海洋塑料垃圾污染是当前国际社会关注的热点,也是近期国际政府间谈判的重点.本文梳理了全球塑料垃圾产生和泄漏进入海洋的研究进展,回顾了海洋塑料垃圾国际治理进程,提出了我国应对海洋塑料垃圾污染的对策建议.研究显示,截止到2020年全球塑料累积生产量高达96×10^(8) t,但由于各国不完善的废弃物回收和处理体系,每年有5.7×10^(4)~26.5×10^(4) t的陆源塑料垃圾通过河流进入海洋,严重危害海洋生物健康.为解决全球海洋塑料垃圾污染问题,各国政府和国际/区域组织积极推进海洋塑料垃圾治理进程.联合国环境大会连续四届通过海洋塑料垃圾治理相关决议,建立一个新的具有法律约束性的塑料污染全球公约已成为可能.为积极应对国际公约和未来履约谈判,提出我国应坚持预防原则、三方共治原则(政府、企业和消费者)和共同但有区别的责任原则积极参与全球海洋塑料垃圾污染治理进程,共建海洋命运共同体.

Marine plastic litter pollution is an international concern and also the topic of multiple intergovernmental engagements.The present study summarized the research about the global plastic waste generation and the leakage into oceans,reviewed the process of global governance on marine plastic litter,and lastly proposed recommendations for combating marine plastic litter.The results showed that the amounts of global plastic production had reached 9.6 billion tons by 2020,and annually 5.7×10^(4)-26.5×10^(4) t of plastic waste are discharged into oceans from land-based sources through rivers due to unsound waste recycling and disposal system in all countries,consequently posing significant threats to marine organisms.Unfortunately,the excessive consumption of plastic without effective solid waste recovery and recycling processes in place.Consequently,plastic litter continues to be discharged into the marine environment.To address this issue of marine plastic litter,governments,and international and regional organizations are pushing for progress in better combating marine litter.Four consecutive sessions of the United Nations Environment Assembly had issued resolutions on marine litter,and it is very possible to establish a new legally binding global agreement on plastic pollution.To prepare for the coming intergovernmental negotiation and to effectively combat marine plastic litter,this study recommends three principles that should be considered in the future to attend the international governance processes for building a global maritime community:(1)Use of the precautionary principle;(2)The co-governance principle(governments,industries,and consumers);(3)The common but differentiated responsibilities principle.