马来西亚民主化前后执政合法性的变化研究

A Comparative Analysis of the Sliding Shift of Ruling Legitimacy Before and After Democratization in Malaysia

作为在族群和宗教上多元化的竞争型威权国家,马来西亚的威权政体在合法性上有鲜明的主体特征。在独立以后的很长时间里,以巫统为执政核心的国民阵线政府凭借族群优势的基本面和优良的政绩得到各族群的支持,展示了强大的治理能力和群众基础。进入21世纪后,在“烈火莫熄”政改运动的影响下,马来西亚的威权政治开始松动。与此同时,受惠于经济增长和教育质量的提高,马来西亚中产阶级日渐壮大,公民社会日臻成熟,民主转型逐渐拉开帷幕。以2018年国会大选为标志,马来西亚实现了首次联邦政权“变天”,开启了全新的民主时代。在从威权走向民主的过程中,马来西亚政治合法性出现了明显的变化。在民主转型前,历史上权力的自然转移、政府绩效和程序规则是政治合法性的三大来源。随着民主化的推进,马来西亚民众“民心思变”,程序规则的重要性愈加凸显,马来西亚政治合法性天平逐渐由偏好政绩倾向偏好程序规则的民主。

As a competitive authoritarian country with diverse ethnic groups and religions,Malaysia's authoritarian regime has distinct subjective characteristics in terms of legitimacy.For a long time after Malaysia's independence,the Barisan Nasional(BN)government with United Malays National Organization(UMNO)as the ruling core has won the support of all ethnic groups by virtue of the fundamentals of ethnic advantages and excellent political achievements,showing their strong governance ability and mass base.After the 21st century,authoritarian politics in Malaysia began to loosen under the influence of the political reform movement.At the same time,thanks to economic growth and the improvement of education quality,Malaysia's middle class is growing,civil society is maturing,and democratic transformation is gradually under way.The 2018 general election marked the first change of federal power in Malaysia,ushering in a new era of democracy.?In the process of moving from authoritarianism to democracy,there have been obvious changes in Malaysia's political legitimacy.Before the democratic transformation,the natural transfer of power,government performance and procedural rules are the three major sources of political legitimacy.With the advance of democratization,Malaysians"want to change their hearts and minds",the importance of procedural rules is becoming more and more prominent,and the balance of political legitimacy in Malaysia has gradually shifted from a preference for political achievements to a democracy with a preference for procedural rules.