高昌石窟分期与谱系研究

PERIODIZATION AND GENEALOGY OF GAOCHANG GROTTOES

一引言高昌,即今东天山地带的吐鲁番盆地。已发现石窟寺遗址十四处,洞窟总量约四百余座,分布于吐鲁番盆地北部火焰山和西部盐山山脉多条河谷的两侧崖壁上,自东向西依次为斯尔克普沟中的忙得古尔、连木沁石窟,吐峪沟中的吐峪沟、苏贝希石窟,胜金沟口的胜金口、七康湖石窟,木头沟中的柏孜克里克、伯西哈、乌江布拉克石窟,葡萄沟石窟,大、小桃儿沟石窟,雅尔乃孜沟中的雅尔湖、交河沟北石窟(图一)。目前,仅吐峪沟、柏孜克里克。

Gaochang was a pivotal gateway connecting the Western Regions and the Central Plains and a hub on the route of the spread of Buddhism from west to east.Gaochang Buddhism was closely related to Buddhism west of the Pamir Mountains,Xinjiang,and the Central Plains east of Xinjiang.This was a vital area where Buddhism from the Western Regions and the East Asia converged and fused.The Gaochang Grottoes have an important role in the development and evolution of Chinese cave temples.Based on on-site archaeological investigation and data collation,this paper systematically summarizes the types,groups,and layouts of the Buddhist cave temples in Gaochang during different periods.This paper compares the remains of Buddhist cave temple in Liangzhou,Qiuci,and Khotan from the aspects of cave structure,iconographic content,decorative pattern,and sculpture style,and divides the Gaochang Grottoes into three major development stages,i.e.,Gaochang Commandery to Gaochang Kingdom,sub-prefecture of Xizhou during the Tang dynasty,and Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho.These remains can be further divided into five phases:the first phase is the period of Gaochang Commandery to Gaochang Kingdom around the 4th and 5th centuries CE;the second and third phases are the period of Gaochang Kingdom of the Qu clan from the 6th century to the first half of the 7th century CE;the fourth phase is the sub-prefecture of Xizhou during the Tang dynasty;the fifth phase is the Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho from the second half of the 10th century to the second half of the 14th century CE.In the first phase,Buddhist cave temples in Gaochang were based on the“Liangzhou type”and absorbed the cave forms and statue styles of Qiuci and Khotan,showing a new style with convergence and integration and distinctive regional characteristics.During the Tang dynasty,as a border prefecture directly administered by the central government,the old Buddhist cave temples in this area were influenced and replaced by the mainstream statue-making tradition in the Central Plains.Entering the Xizhou Huihu period,Gaochang Buddhism was influenced by diverse sources,and the cave temples had shown varied development.They not only inherited the Tang Xizhou’s Han statue tradition,but also formed cave temples of Uyghur and Tibetan styles.At the same time,the construction center of the Gaochang Grottoes had continuously shifted with the changes of the basin’s political center and main transportation routes.