论妨害安全驾驶罪的危险犯性质及司法适用——兼论准抽象危险犯概念之提倡

On the nature and judicatory application of dangerous crime against safe driving:a proposal for the concept of quasi-abstract dangerous crime

《刑法修正案(十一)》增设了妨害安全驾驶罪,在传统的危险犯二分视角下,将妨害安全驾驶罪无论是作为抽象危险犯对待还是作为具体危险犯对待,都会导致理论上的矛盾与实务上的弊端。我国可以借鉴德日刑法中的准抽象危险犯理论,将妨害安全驾驶罪视为具体危险犯与抽象危险犯之间的准抽象危险犯。一方面,该罪并非一经实施构成要件行为即可成立,仍需要对行为本身的危险进行一定程度的判断;另一方面,也无须造成具体、现实、紧迫的危险状态作为结果。在司法适用上,通过行政处罚、妨害安全驾驶罪、以危险方法危害公共安全罪的危险犯、以危险方法危害公共安全罪的实害犯四种轻重有序的手段,实现对妨害安全驾驶行为的合理规制。

Amendment(Ⅺ) to the Criminal Law added the article of the crime of disrupting safe driving. Under the traditional dichotomy of dangerous crime, theoretical contradictions and practical drawbacks will occur whether the crime of disrupting safe driving is treated as an abstract dangerous crime or a concrete one. Therefore, China can regard the crime of disrupting safe driving as a quasi-abstract dangerous one between the concrete and the abstract by referring to the German and Japanese theory of quasi-abstract dangerous crime. On the one hand, the crime is not established merely upon the implementation of the constitutive elements of the act, since the dangerous degree of the act itself is also to be considered. On the other hand, there is no need to create a specific, present and immediate state of danger as a result. In terms of judicial application, the regulation of obstructing safe driving can be realized through four ways varying in degrees of severity: administrative punishment, crime of obstructing driving safety, dangerous crime of endangering public security by dangerous means, and actual damage offense of endangering public security by dangerous means.