封建之义的解构与重构——以柳宗元和张载为中心

The Deconstruction and Reconstruction of the Meaning of the Feudal System:Centered on Liu Zongyuan and Zhang Zai

封建制一直被认为是圣人所造的神圣家国制度。柳宗元径直从社会历史变迁的角度分析郡县代替封建的必然性,并从制度设计和制度价值等层面否定了封建制,解构了封建作为儒家政治理想载体的意义。张载在反驳柳论的过程中重塑了封建制,并从制度设计和价值层面论证了作为道德共同体的封建制优于郡县制,最后通过《西铭》为封建制奠定了坚实的本体论和价值论根基,使封建制重新获得了生命力,在一定程度上扭转了柳宗元对于封建的解构,为后世儒者坚守封建政治理想树立了典范。

Feudalism has always been considered as the holy family-state system made by saints.Liu Zongyuan directly analyzed the inevitability of replacing feudalism with the prefectural system from the perspective of the trend of social and historical changes and denied the feudal system from the aspects of system design and system value.Thus,Liu deconstructed the significance of feudalism as the carrier of Confucian political ideals.Zhang redesigned the feudal system in the process of rebutting Liu and demonstrated that as a moral community the feudal system was superior to the prefectural system from the aspects of system design and system value.More importantly,by writing Ximing,Zhang rebuilt the ontological foundation and the value foundation for the feudal system.As the result,the feudal system regained its vitality,and the influence of Liu's theory was countered.What's more,Zhang set up the model for the future generations to stick to the opinion that the feudal system is the ideal moral community.