“挪穷窝”后如何实现平稳过渡?——基于疫情冲击下易地扶贫搬迁户就业治理的研究

How to Ensure a Smooth Transition after “Moving Out of Poor Areas”? A Study Based on the Employment Governance of Relocated Households during the COVID-19 Pandemic

我国农村正处于脱贫攻坚向全面推进乡村振兴转变的过渡期,易地扶贫搬迁群体是我国巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、实现乡村振兴难度最大的一类人群。稳定就业是实现搬迁群众平稳过渡的主要路径,但新冠肺炎疫情等突发风险对其后续就业及就业帮扶提出了新的挑战。文章从理论上分析了搬迁群众在生存环境改变和风险冲击下面临的双重失业困境,探讨了失业治理的理论依据,并基于8省区16县的实地调研数据,对搬迁人口自然失业和阶段性失业的现状、治理机制及其成效进行了提炼与评估。研究发现:搬迁人口同时面临着自然失业和阶段性失业的风险,后续就业帮扶针对这两种失业类型形成了针对性的治理机制,但仍存在部分治理措施未能有效提升供需匹配度、阶段性失业的防范和应对措施不足等问题。在此基础上,文章提出了优化调整治理措施、实施全面动态监测等政策建议,并对过渡期易地扶贫搬迁后续就业帮扶工作进行了展望。

The rural areas of China are experiencing a transition from fighting poverty to rural vitalization. During this time, participants of the Anti-Poverty Relocation and Settlement Program(APRSP) are the groups of people who should be paid more attention to if the government wants to consolidate achievements in fighting poverty and then realize rural vitalization. Employment stabilization is the most effective way to ensure the smooth transition of such relocated households. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 presents a new challenge for the follow-up employment assistance. This study theoretically analyzes the dual dilemma, resulting from both living environment changes and unpredictable risks(e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic), faced by relocated residents in getting employed. Furthermore, we also explore the theoretical support for corresponding government intervention. Empirically, using a database from 16 counties in eight provinces of China, this research evaluates the current unemployment situation of relocated population(consisting of both natural and temporary unemployment), corresponding government interventions and their effectiveness. The results imply that the relocated population is faced with both natural unemployment and temporary unemployment risks. The current follow-up employment assistance provided by the Chinese government has achieved some success in relieving unemployment. Nevertheless, there still exist some critical problems:(1) some governance measures fail to improve the matching degree of labor supply and demand effectively;(2) there are no sufficient risk prevention and response mechanisms, etc. Targeting these problems, this study proposed several suggestions, including(1) improve and adjust governance strategies;(2) implement comprehensive dynamic monitoring on the employment status of relocated population, etc. In the end, the potential work direction of follow-up employment assistance during the transition period is prospected.