清末龙旗研究--以文献、图像和实物为中心

A Study on the Dragon Flags in the Late Qing Dynasty Focused on Documents,Images and Objects

19世纪60年代起,清政府从海军海上交往中意识到旗帜识别的重要性,以皇家龙旗为图样,制定出海军旗,并由此带动龙旗在外交场合的使用,最终成为国家礼仪和政权的象征。海军旗、国旗从最初的三角形演进为长方形,显示其与国际惯例的接轨。文章通过梳理文献、对比现存龙旗实物和历史图片,指出晚清龙旗的材质、制作工艺各异,龙的造型几无一件相似,说明清廷虽然颁布龙旗统一标准,却未被国家机构和军队严格遵行,反映出清末在国家、军队礼仪上的随意性和管理上的失范。

Since the 1860s,the Qing government realized the importance of distinguishable flags from naval communication and made the ensigns according to imperial dragon flag,which later led to the use of dragon flag in diplomatic occasions,and made it eventually a symbol of national etiquette and political power.The transformation of naval ensign and national flag from triangular to rectangular ones shows a process of integration with international conventions.By giving a detailed introduction to the extant dragon flags and their historical photos and studying the extant literature,this article points out that those flags were made of different materials and techniques,and shapes of the dragons were hardly similar.Although the Qing government had issued a unified standard for dragon flags,it was not strictly obeyed by state institutions or the navy,reflecting the casual etiquette of the nation and the army and the anomie of government in the late Qing dynasty.