中国特色蝗灾治理技术体系及应用成效

Technical systems for locust and grasshopper management with Chinese features and their success in application

中国有数千年蝗灾发生为害的历史,建国初期在政府的组织领导下,在科研人员和广大群众的努力下,提出并实施了“改治并举”的策略,改造东亚飞蝗发生基地近2/3,同时大规模使用化学农药进行防治,初步形成了以改造蝗虫发生基地为特色的蝗灾治理技术体系,经过长期实践,蝗灾得到有效遏制,保障了我国粮食生产安全和社会稳定,取得了世界瞩目的成绩。自20世纪80年代起,随着利用蝗虫微孢子虫Nosema locustae和绿僵菌Metarhizium spp.等微生物的治蝗技术获得突破性进展,我国已经形成了以生态控制(改造蝗虫发生基地)为基础,以生物防治为核心,以信息技术为辅助的具有中国特色的蝗灾治理技术体系,并走在国际前列。该技术体系的长期大规模应用,不但在有效防治蝗灾保障我国粮食安全生产、避免大规模使用化学农药造成环境污染和生态失衡等方面发挥了重大作用,而且也在支援国际蝗灾治理中做出了贡献。最后对未来蝗灾治理的关键问题和发展方向进行了探讨。

Locust plague has existed for over thousands of years in China.Under the leadership of the Chinese government and with the efforts of scientific researchers and the people,the strategy of transforming locust breeding regions and chemical control was proposed and implemented in the early 1950s.Nearly two-thirds of Locusta migratoria manilensis breeding areas were transformed.Chemical pesticides were popularly used to control locusts and grasshoppers at the same time.Technical systems for locust and grasshopper management characterized by transforming locust breeding regions were preliminarily formed.Through long-term practice of this system,locust plagues in China were effectively suppressed,which had ensured China’s food security and social stability.This is a great achievement drawing attention to the world.Since 1980s,biological control has made breakthrough progresses,mainly in development and application of biological control agents,such as Nosema locustae and Metarhizium spp.in locust management.So far,the technical system for locust and grasshopper management with Chinese features is based on ecological control(transforming locust breeding regions),with biological control as main measures and information technology as supporting method.Now this system ranks high in the world.Long-term and large-scale application of the technical system has not only played an important role in effectively controlling locust plaque to ensure food security in China,avoiding largescale application of pesticides in which causes environmental pollution and ecological imbalance,but also made international contribution to locust control.The key questions and development directions for locust management in the future are also proposed.