全球疫苗合作中的伦理困境及其应对:以全球根除天花为例

Ethical Dilemma in Global Vaccine Cooperation and Its Countermeasures:Taking the Global Eradication of Smallpox as an Example

疫苗合作是应对全球传染性疾病的重要手段,然而合作过程并不顺利,伦理困境是掣肘疫苗合作的障碍之一。回顾历史,迄今为止最为成功的疫苗合作当属全球天花根除行动。在根除天花过程中,也遇到不少伦理困境,包括美苏争霸的国际格局冲击国家间守望相助、疫苗本身伦理争议阻碍行为体间团结协作以及为了克服疫苗犹豫采取的疫苗强制损害了自由、平等与功效的相称性原则。通过在医学专业群体中塑造专业与科学共识、主导国与发展中国家达成合作共识、融入当地文化改善疫苗接种方式等途径破除疫苗合作伦理困境,最终于1980年成功实现根除天花的目标,为今天开展疫苗合作应对新冠肺炎疫情、构建人类卫生健康共同体提供了一定借鉴。

Vaccine cooperation is an important means to deal with global infectious diseases.However,the cooperation cannot be achieved overnight.Ethical dilemma is one of the obstacles that hinders vaccine cooperation.Reviewing the history,the most successful vaccine collaboration to date has been the global smallpox eradication program.In the process of eradicating smallpox,there were also many ethical dilemmas,including the international pattern of the US-Soviet hegemony,which impacted the mutual help between countries,the ethical disputes of the vaccine itself hindering solidarity and cooperation among actors,and the vaccine coercion adopted to overcome vaccine hesitancy undermining the principle of proportionality among the freedom,equality and efficacy.The ethical dilemmas of vaccine cooperation were resolved by shaping professional and scientific consensus among medical professional groups,reaching consensus on cooperation between leading countries and developing countries,and integrating local culture to improve vaccination methods.Finally,in 1980,the world successfully eradicated smallpox.The case of smallpox eradication provides us lessons for vaccine cooperation against COVID-19 and the construction of a community of common health for mankind today.