平台经济下劳动关系认定的经济现实标准探究——基于英国优步判例的思考

Economic Reality Standard of Labor Relation Identification under Platform Economy:Based on the Case of Uber(UK)

2021年2月,优步公司针对2018年败诉之判决向英国最高法院提起上诉,辩称司机应该被认定为自雇者或者独立承包商,企业只是起着“代理机构”的作用,因此司机并不属于优步公司员工。英国最高法院在优步公司案的判决中采用“经济现实标准”认定方式,以工人(worker)概念将网约工归入第三类劳动者,在事实认定未变的情况下,改变了数年来网约车乃至平台经济模式下对劳动者身份和劳动关系认定不明的僵局,具有较强借鉴意义。对于平台经济中劳动关系的认定与保护,应满足其特殊经济形态的需求,注重双方现实合意,尊重事实的认定。在价值判断与事实认定层面引入“经济现实标准”,对平台经济视域下劳动关系的认定和权益保护的实现具有普遍的指导价值。

In February 2021,Uber appealed the 2018 decision to the U.K.Supreme Court,arguing that drivers should be considered self-employed workers or independent contractors,and that the Uber company only acts as an“agency”.Therefore,the drivers should not be identified as workers of Uber.The UK Supreme Court adopts the“economic reality”standard in the judgment of Uber case.It classifies gig workers into the third category of labours based on the concept of“worker”,as well as changes the situation of the determination on identity of gig workers and the relationship between gig workers and platform under the condition that the facts remain unchanged,which has a strong reference significance.The identification and protection of labor relations under platform economy should meet the needs of platform economy,give more consideration to the practical agreement of both parties and identification of facts.The application of“economic reality”standard in judgment and fact determination has directive significance to the identification of labourer relations and the realization of rights and interest protection under platform economy.