美国赃款追缴制度的管理研究与借鉴

A Study on the Management of the System of Recovery of Stolen Money in the United States

我国对赃款赃物的管理与研究并没有美国那么明确,美国的赃款赃物追缴制度管理得较为科学,设计了刑事没收和民事没收两种制度。民事没收制度以刑事为基础,弥补刑事没收必须经过定罪判决才能进行的缺陷,防止被告借机转移隐匿财产,从而更好的打击犯罪。美国刑事没收被认为是具有惩罚性的制裁措施,但由于其以有罪判决的作出为前提,可能会受到一定限制,因而在实践中,联邦法律往往允许两种方式同时进行,以期共同发挥有利之处。我国的赃款赃物追缴制度管理上存在诸多不足,在立法上,法律规定不够明确,规范程度较低,立法零散且部分规定缺失,逻辑关系也较为混乱;在司法实践中,追缴权与处置权配置不明,程序衔接机制不通畅,且缺乏对利害关系人的程序保障,缺失对追缴主体的责任约束。因而,我们要学习借鉴国外管理赃款追缴制度的有利经验,改善自身不足,不断丰富完善我国的赃款赃物追缴制度。

The management and research of the stolen money and goods in our country is not so clear as that in America.The system of recovering stolen money and goods in America is more scientific.The civil confiscation system is based on the criminal law,which makes up the defect that the criminal confiscation can only be carried out after conviction,and prevents the defendant from transferring the hidden property,so as to fight the crime better.Criminal forfeiture in the United States is regarded as a punitive sanction,but it may be limited because it is based on a guilty verdict,so in practice,federal law often allows both approaches to be pursued simultaneously,with a view to working together to their advantage.There are many deficiencies in the management of the system of recovering stolen money and goods in our country.In legislation,the legal provisions are not clear,the degree of regulation is low,the legislation is scattered and some provisions are missing,and the logic relationship is confused.In the judicial practice,the right of recovery and disposal is not clear,the procedure link mechanism is not smooth,and there is no procedural guarantee for the interested parties.Therefore,we should learn from the foreign management of stolen money recovery system,improve their own shortcomings,and constantly enrich and improve our system of stolen money recovery.