俄罗斯养老储蓄金制度改革

Reform of Russia's Pension Saving System

一直以来,养老保障体系都是俄罗斯经济体制改革的重点。俄罗斯养老保障是一种部分积累模式,养老基金包含现收现付部分与累积部分。其中,俄罗斯养老储蓄金是强制性养老保险的累积部分,是居民实现自我储蓄养老的重要形式。然而,2014年至今,俄罗斯养老储蓄金一直处于冻结状态。2020年,俄罗斯再次宣布将冻结期延长至2023年底。被冻结的资金并不是直接划归俄联邦财政,而是用于补充发放当期退休职工的养老金。早在2013年,俄罗斯养老基金就已产生收支缺口,且逐年递增。为此,俄罗斯联邦财政每年对养老基金的转移支付约为俄罗斯国内生产总值的2%,而与此同时,俄罗斯联邦财政已经多年入不敷出,不堪重负。因此,俄罗斯冻结养老储蓄金,既为缓解日益增长的养老基金支出压力,也为减轻联邦财政的沉重负担。就目前的趋势看,俄罗斯正进一步研讨养老储蓄机制的完善与改进,并提出以新的养老金保障计划取代当前的养老储蓄机制。

The old-age security system has always been the focus of Russia's economic reform.Russian pension security adopts a partial accumulation model,and the pension fund consists of a pay-as-you-go part and an accumulation part.Among them,the Russian pension savings are the accumulated part of the mandatory pension insurance and an important form for residents to realize self-saving pension.However,Russian pension savings have been frozen since 2014.In 2020,Russia once again announced that it would extend the freeze period until the end of 2023.The frozen funds are not directly allocated to the Russian Federation's finances,but are used to supplement the pensions of current retired employees.As early as 2013,the Russian pension fund produced a gap in revenue and expenditure,and it was increasing year by year.To this end,the annual transfer payments from the Russian federal finance to pension funds are about 2%of Russia's GDP,while at the same time,the Russian federal finance has been unable to make ends meet for many years and is overwhelmed.Therefore,Russia freezes pension savings,not only to ease the growing pressure on pension fund spending,but also to reduce the heavy burden on the federal finances.Judging from the current trend,Russia is further studying the improvement of the old-age saving mechanism,and proposes to replace the current old-age saving mechanism with a new pension guarantee plan.