阙然为道以通墓——四川石阙设计规律总结

Gateway to Tombs:Synthesising the Design Patterns of the Stone Que in Sichuan Province

1939年8月至1940年1月,中国营造学社在四川、西康两省的调研过程中,对两地的13个阙进行了详细的田野调查。学社离开西南回迁内地后,与阙相关的研究成果次第公开。四川石阙被视为重要的汉代建筑实例,进入中国建筑史。四川石阙皆为墓阙,和家阙、庙阙、城阙的服务对象不同。经过百年间不断的设计探索,墓阙终于被凝炼出和其他阙种不同的设计风格。课题以既往研究成果为基础和前提,按照设计特点将四川石阙分为四期,总结其作为墓阙的设计规律及形式演变背后的核心内驱力。分期及规律的总结对贵为国保的石阙遗存保护起着两方面的作用:(1)根据规律,可对因壁体剥落而信息较少的石阙进行鉴龄推测;(2)设计规律的总结可用于目前石阙的修复设计验证。

From August 1939 to January 1940,the Zhongguo Yingzao Xueshe(Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture,referred to as Xueshe from hereafter)surveyed 13 que(monumental gatetowers)in the Sichuan and Xikang provinces(now part of Sichuan Province and the Tibet Autonomous Region).After the members of the Xueshe left Southwest China and moved back to Beijing,the research outcomes on que were gradually published,making Sichuan’s stone que significant examples of Han Dynasty(202 BCE–220 CE)architecture in Chinese architectural history.The surviving stone que in Sichuan are all tomb gate-towers whose function is distinct from those built for family settlements,temples,or cities.Through centuries of exploration,the distinctive characteristics of these tomb gate-towers compared to other types of que emerged.Upon existing research on this topic,this article identifies four phases in the evolution of the Sichuan stone que based on their design characteristics.Furthermore,it discusses the primary driving forces behind their design patterns and formal development.Identifying these phases and synthesising the design patterns are crucial for conserving these stone que,which are heritage with national significance.It can help date the que that suffer from significant material loss and can be used to verify the restoration design of the surviving stone que.