硫酸工业废水重金属铊污染管控现状与建议

Present situation and suggestions of heavy metal thallium pollution control in sulfuric acid industrial wastewater

硫酸素有工业酵母之称,是重要的基础化工原料,广泛用于纺织、化工、冶金、医药等各个工业部门。铊的亲石及亲硫特性,决定了硫铁矿制酸、冶炼烟气制酸等以硫铁矿、重金属矿为原料生产硫酸的工艺成为重金属铊排放的重要渠道。筛选典型的硫铁矿制酸企业,测定其原料矿中重金属铊含量为2~30 mg/kg,废酸中铊质量浓度为6.01~400μg/L,平均质量浓度为203μg/L。从水污染物排放标准制定方法、含铊废水处理技术、经济成本投入、其他环境管理漏洞等方面分析了硫酸行业废水重金属铊的管控现状。针对当前形势提出以下建议:1)开展含铊废水的专项整治工作,推动标准执行;2)加强废水总铊的监测培训;3)明确“车间或生产设施废水排放口”位置,防止稀释排放;4)建立“废酸”综合利用告知责任的管理,防止废酸中重金属铊的行业转移。以上措施对防范环境风险、保障水环境安全具有重要意义。

Sulfuric acid has long been known as an“industrial yeas”.As an important basic chemical raw material,sulfuric⁃acid is widely used in various industrial sectors such as textile,chemical engineering,metallurgy and medicine.The litho⁃phile and sulfophilic characteristics of thallium determine that the process of producing sulfuric acid with pyrite and heavy metal ore as raw materials,such as sulfuric acid from pyrite and smelting flue gas,has become an important source of heavy metal thallium emission.A recent survey from the typical pyrite sulfuric acid producers was found that the thallium content in the raw pyrite ores used for sulfuric acid production was ranged from 2 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg,and the thallium concentration in the waste acids was ranged from 6.01μg/L to 400μg/L,with the average concentration of 203μg/L.Controlling status of thallium in wastewater of sulfuric acid industry was analysed from several aspects,such as methods of establishing the stan⁃dards for pollutant discharge,technologies for the treatment of wastewater with thallium,economic cost invested,as well as administrative vulnerabilities in environment protection etc..It was presented that 1)implementation of standards related to the treatment of thallium wastewater should be accelerated by carrying out special rectification of thallium wastewater;2)training on the monitoring of total thallium in wastewater should be strengthened;3)the sites of the discharge holes of the“plants and production facilities”should be well⁃defined to prevent discharge of dilute waste,and 4)the management of the responsibilities on notifying comprehensive utilization of“waste acids”should be set up to prevent shift of thallium in waste acids among different industries.These suggestions are of great importance to the prevention of environmental risks and the protection of the safety of water environment.