数人保证中保证债务免除的涉他效力问题

The Third Party Effect of the Suretyship Obligation Relief in Co-suretyships or Sureties

数人保证情形的保证债务免除是否具有涉他效力,得以从连带债务基本原理及担保保存义务视角予以说明。数个保证人之间就保证债务存在连带之情形,就某一保证债务人的保证债务免除对其他保证人产生限制绝对效。此外之情形,应根据数人保证的不同交易结构分别判断。我国《民法典》上的“担保保存义务”应依其立法目的适度扩张解释,债权人对保证人负有不真正义务意义上的“担保保存义务”。保证债务的免除,若影响到保证人追偿权、代位权实现的,同样构成“担保保存义务”之违反,并因而得以免除保证人相应的保证责任。与此同时,保证人及债权人的意思对于保证债务免除的限制绝对效具有牵制作用。考虑到债权人的意思及其保护,保证人保证债务内部分担份额以均等为原则,只有债权人知道或应当知道保证人之间定有与此不同的分担份额时才得以对抗债权人。

When the obligation of one surety is remitted by the obligee in cases of co-suretyships or sureties,on whether the other sureties should be affected,there was some explanation from the perspective of the mutatis mutandis of joint and several obligation and the duty of guaranteed preservation.In cases when several sureties have joint and several suretyship obligation,which the obligation of one surety is remitted has a restrictive absolute effect on other sureties.In other cases,it should be judged separately according to different transaction structures.The“guaranteed preservation duty”in China’s Civil Code is obliegenheit and should be appropriately expanded and interpreted according to its legislative purpose.If which the obligation of one surety is remitted affects the realization of the sureties’right of recourse and subrogation,it also constitutes a violation of the“guaranteed preservation duty”,and thus the other sureties can be remitted from the corresponding suretyship liability.Meanwhile,the meaning of the surety and the obligee can restrain the absolute effect of obligation relief.Considering the meaning and its protection of obligee,it is the principle that the sureties’internal share of the obligation is equal.Only when the obligee knows or should know that there is a different share among sureties can it fight against the obligee.