“检察一体”源流考

The Origin and Development of“Procuratorial Integration”

在比较法上,检察一体存在组织原理和司法指令两个发展维度。以法德为代表的大陆法系检察制度和以日本为代表的东亚检察制度,检察一体均经历了“相对去政治化”“司法化转型”“区分检察行政工作与检察司法工作”三个阶段。总结检察一体的源与流可以看出,检察一体是以检察官独立为基础,检察一体与检察官独立的矛盾不表现为上级检察官的个体指令与办案检察官独立地位之间的矛盾,而是办案检察官的独立判断与整体检察官的履职标准之间的矛盾,后者可以通过检察官客观义务和检察职业伦理来予以协调。

In comparative law,the procuratorial integration has two development dimensions:organisational principle and procuratorial directive.According to the historical evolution in continental procuratorial system represented by Germany and East-Asian procuratorial system,of which represented by Japan,the procuratorial integration has undergone three phases.It includes relative depoliticisation,judicial transformation and distinguish between procuratorial administration and procuratorial judicature.Based on this,it can be concluded that prosecutorial independence is the foundation of prosecutorial integration,the conflict between procuratorial integration and procuratorial independence should not be manifested as a conflict between the instructions of the superior prosecutor and the independent status of the responsible prosecutor,instead,it should be seen as a conflict between the independent judgment and the overall performance standards of the prosecutor.The latter conflict could be coordinated through the objective obligation and the professional ethic of prosecutors.