游客和居民视角下武夷山市生态系统文化服务感知比较研究

Perception of cultural ecosystem services in Wuyishan City from the perspective of tourists and residents

生态系统文化服务(CES)的核心是人与自然之间的情感连接,利益相关者视角下的参与式制图是感知与保护热点文化服务地区的有效方法。采用参与式制图与访谈、问卷相结合的方式调查了游客和居民2类群体对武夷山市CES的感知情况;利用空间分析、热点分析和相关性分析比较分析了游客和居民CES的感知差异特征、影响因素及其空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)除了居民月收入对感知有影响外,游客和居民对武夷山市CES认知基本不受人口学特征(性别、年龄、职业和文化程度)的影响(P>0.05);(2)居民的CES价值人均支付保护意愿较游客高。文化遗产、游憩与生态旅游、教育、美学价值是游客和居民都重视的4类子文化服务。游客对文化遗产价值服务的支付意愿最高,而居民则对教育价值服务支付意愿最高。(3)居民对CES价值感知分布空间范围较广,几乎涵盖了武夷山市大部分乡镇;而游客则相对集中,主要位于旅游点密集区域,对其他地区的感知程度较低。CES价值冷热感知程度与旅游点分布呈现相同的空间分布格局,游客和居民对CES价值热点区的感知强度从南向北逐渐降低。(4)从不同文化服务类型权衡/协同关系上看,除了“精神与宗教价值”和“游憩与生态旅游价值”之间不相关外,其它各子文化服务之间均有高相关性。游客中的美学价值和灵感价值相关性最强,居民中的美学价值与地方认同感价值相关性最强。可见,充分辨识并考虑居民和游客不同群体在CES感知差异特征对提升研究区区域规划与景观服务功能具有重要意义。

Cultural Ecosystem Services(CES) are the non-material benefits people obtain from nature. They play a key role in improving human well-being and maintaining environmental sustainability. The core of CES is the emotional connection between human and nature. Conducting participatory mapping from the perspective of stakeholders is an effective way to perceive and protect hot CES spots. A participatory mapping and interview questionnaires were used to investigate the perception of CES between tourists and residents in Wuyishan City, which is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Fujian Province of China. It is the main location of Mount Wuyi, which is a UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site and Wuyishan National Park. We compared the influencing factors and spatial pattern distribution of tourists′ and residents′ perception difference of CES in our study area, using spatial analysis and hotspot analysis methods. The results showed that:(1) except that residents′ monthly income had an impact on their perception, the perception of CES of tourists and residents was basically not affected by demographic characteristics(gender, age, occupation and education level)(P>0.05).(2) The residents′ per capita willingness to pay for protection in CES value was higher than tourists. Then, cultural heritage, recreation and ecotourism, education, and aesthetic value were four sub-cultural services valued by both tourists and residents. Tourists had the highest willingness to pay for cultural heritage value services, while residents had the highest willingness to pay for educational value services.(3) Residents′ perception of CES value existed in the spatial distribution of a wide range, almost covering most towns and villages in Wuyishan City, while tourists were mainly located in the area with dense tourist destinations. The degree of perception of CES value on cold-or hot-spots had similar spatial distribution patterns to tourist spots. The intensity of perception of CES value from both tourists and residents decreased gradually from south to north of Wuyishan City.(4) There was no correlation between spiritual and religious values and recreational and ecotourism values, while there was a high correlation among the other sub-cultural services. For tourists, aesthetic value had the strongest correlation with inspiration value, while aesthetic value had the strongest correlation with local identity value among residents. Therefore, it is of great significance to identify and consider the perception differences between residents and tourists in CES to improve the regional planning level and landscape service functions. Integration the link between CES and civil society′s engagement in environmental stewardship is beneficial to achieve more harmonious relationship between man and nature in our study area.