贸易开放、环境规制与污染——来自中国制造业的经验证据

Trade Openness,Environmental Regulation and Pollution:Empirical Evidence from China’s Manufacturing Industry

在我国不断扩大对外开放、参与经济全球化的过程中,对外贸易对国内污染的影响不容忽视。本文通过结构分解法和投入产出分析法全面考察了环境规制和对外贸易对国内污染物排放的影响。实证分析结果表明:首先,技术进步是制造业污染物排放减少的主要原因,我国自“十一五”规划起开始实施的总量控制法显著减少了国内生产和进出口贸易造成的污染物排放;第二,由于出口贸易结构升级速度落后于制造业产业升级速度,出口贸易在一定程度上加剧了我国的环境污染,且加工贸易的污染效应强于一般贸易;第三,进口贸易尤其是污染产品进口能够替代本国的污染产品生产,随着中间品进口规模扩大,进口贸易对国内企业生产及生产过程减少污染排放的积极作用进一步增强。为促进经济增长和环境保护协同发展、实现经济高质量发展,未来政府需要合理制定并实施阶梯性的环境规制政策,在加强环境规制的总体趋势下转变贸易增长方式。

As China continues to open up to the world and participate in economic globalization,the impact of foreign trade on domestic pollution cannot be ignored.This article comprehensively investigates the impact of environmental regulation and foreign trade on domestic pollutant emissions through structural decomposition and input-output analysis.The empirical analysis results show that:firstly,technological progress is the main reason for the reduction of pollutant emissions in the manufacturing industry.The total amount control method that China has implemented since the 11th Five-Year Plan has significantly reduced the pollutant emissions caused by domestic production and trade.Second,because the export structure upgrading speed lags behind the manufacturing industry upgrading speed,export has aggravated China’s environmental pollution,and the pollution effect of processing trade is stronger than general trade.Third,import,especially the import of polluting products,can replace the production of polluting products in the country.With the increase in the scale of imports of intermediate products,the positive effect of import on the production of domestic enterprises and the reduction of pollution emissions has been further strengthened.In order to promote the coordinated development of economic growth and environmental protection and achieve the goal of high-quality economic development,the government needs to formulate and implement a stepped environmental regulation policy in the future,and transform the trade growth model in the general trend of strengthening environmental regulation.