国家与性别:民国时期反对女子“剧烈运动”的话语传播及再造

Nation and Gender:the Dissemination and Reconstruction of Discourse against Women’s"Vigorous Exercise"during the Republic of China

20世纪20年代初到30年代中这段时期,在美国自然主义体育思潮影响下,国内女校教育逐渐突破单一的体操教学,出现篮球、田径等竞技类运动项目,这引发了社会空间中关于女子“剧烈运动”的一系列抵制话语。文章通过文献资料法、历史分析法、逻辑推理法等,对此女子“剧烈运动”的反对话语进行梳理,发现其中存在对西方体育生理知识展开选择性译介,并加以本土演绎的创造过程。其中,一方面在国家救亡的社会视域中,反对女子剧烈运动被赋予了女性身体必须适度锻炼以为国家“善种”的优生学意义;但在传统文化的礼俗视域中,反对其剧烈运动,又包含了妇女身体须恪守礼教、男女有别的性别政治意味。由此,以反对女子“剧烈运动”为线索,国家主义与男权政治在本土语境下形成一种微妙平衡,构成了霍尔所谓的“接合”关系。

From the early 1920 s to the mid 1930 s,under the influence of American naturalistic sports ideas,girls’school education in China gradually broke through the constraint of single gymnastics teaching by introducing competitive sports such as basketball and track and field.This triggered a series of discourses against women’s"vigorous exercise".Using the methods of literature review,historical analysis,and logical reasoning,the paperexamined the discourses against women’s"vigorous exercise",finding that the occurrence of such discourses involved the selective translation and creative localization of Western sports physiology knowledge.On the one hand,from the social perspective of national salvation,the objection to women’s vigorous exercise was endowed with the eugenic significance that women must exercise moderately to become good procreators for the nation;but from the perspective of traditional cultural etiquette and customs,it entailed the gender political implication that women’s body must conform totraditional ethics,and that men and women are different from each other.The discourses against women’s"vigorous exercise"thus became a clue to trigger the subtle balance between nationalism and patriarchal politicsin the local context,and made them form what Stuart Hall calls the"articulation"relationship.