嘉道年间清政府的陕南“山防”政略及其历史影响

The Policy of“the Defense Between the Qinling and the Bashan Mountains”in Southern Shaanxi and Its Historical Influence during the Reign of Jiaqing and Daoguang Periods

陕南地处“南山老林”,自古为封建王朝控制薄弱区域。康熙末年以来,数省流民聚集谋生,到乾隆末年,人数已多达数百万人。清朝于此控制虽薄弱,然胥吏、杂役盘剥太重,加之流民受“教匪”煽惑,终酿白莲教起义。白莲教起义被镇压后,清政府着手恢复陕南统治秩序,并筹划“山防”长治久安之策。时任陕南兵备道严如熤著《三省边防备览》一书,综核形势后提出办团练、安流民、筑堡寨、习兵法、兴文教等具体对策,有力地推进了陕南“棚民”社会治理体系建设,有效化解了“棚民”聚集带来的陕南“山防”安全问题,其中包含的一些政略思想对当今陕南社会治理仍然具有借鉴意义。

The Southern Shaanxi is located in the“South of old forest”since ancient times,which was loosely connected with the advanced regions in the feudal dynasties.In the late years of Kangxi,refugees from several provinces gathered to make a living.By the late years of Qianlong,there were millions of them.Qing dynasty in this control is weak,but the petty officer,slave exploitation is still heavy,coupled with the refugees by the“bandits”instigated,eventually brewing Bailianjiao uprising.After the uprising of Bailianjiao was suppressed,the Qing government began to restore the ruling order of southern Shaanxi and planned a long-term strategy of“the Defense Between the Qinling and the Bashan Mountains”.Yan Ruyu,then the military garrison commander in southern Shaanxi,wrote a book titled Overview of Border Defense in Three Provinces.In this book,after suming up the situation of the southern Shaanxi,Yan Ruyu put forward a series of specific countermeasures,such as organizing the yong yings,appeasing refugees,building the fortress villages,learning the art of war,and promoting the culture and education,which effectively promoted the construction of social governance system of“the refugees who lived in the huts”in southern Shaanxi,and effectively resolved the security problems of the defense between the Qinling mountains and the Bashan Mountains brought by the gathering of“the refugees who lived in the huts”.Some political ideas contained in this book still have reference significance to the social governance of southern Shaanxi today.