汉语自然口语对话中的否定叠连

Reduplicated negation in Mandarin conversation

本文基于互动语言学的理念和方法分析汉语自然口语对话中的否定叠连现象。研究发现,否定叠连用于回应,常位于回应话轮首位置,偏好用于受夸赞、受感谢、受帮助等“利己”行为和受贬低、受责难、受不当建议等“损己”行为时作回应,用于“利己”行为回应表现为礼貌和语气弱化的谢绝或否认,用于“损己”行为回应表现为语气强烈的拒绝或否认。这种语用上呈现出来的对立,是互动交际中维护社会关系还是维护利益动态调节的结果,背后是语用原则在起作用。文章还发现,“不”的叠连倾向于否定行为层,“没有”的叠连倾向于否定命题层,当话语包含命题时二者呈现出较强的中和倾向,这是由否定回应的复合性造成的。

From the perspectives of interactional linguistics,this study focuses on the reduplication of negative words in Mandarin conversation.The research presents that reduplicated negative words,chunks and combined forms often occur in turn-initial positions.They are often used to respond to positive actions such as praise,acknowledgement and help,and negative actions such as criticism,defamation and improper advice.In the former cases,the reduplication of negative expressions indicates a mild denial of received compliments in order to show politeness.In the latter cases,reduplicated negative expressions convey a strong sense of refusal or denial instead.Such contrast at the pragmatic level is caused by the emerging social or personal interests in interaction.Besides,the negative wordsbu(不)andmeiyou(没有)are observed to show subtle differences after reduplication:buoften negates actions/performances whereasmeiyoutends to negate the whole proposition.However,when a proposition is expressed by a speech act,reduplicatedbuandmeiyouare interchangeable.This can be attributed to the fact that negative response can negate both performance and proposition.