浅埋高强度开采矿区生态损伤特征与减损实践

Ecological damage characteristics and alleviation in shallow-buried high-intensity mining area

为解决浅埋高强度开采损害与生态保护间的矛盾问题,基于神东矿区地质开采条件、生态本底特征,总结了高强度开采的损伤特征。神东矿区采用大工作面快速推进降低非均匀沉降面积、开采初期工作面注浆减沉、建造地下水库保水及生态利用、填埋地表裂缝持水保墒、植物接菌微生物抗逆性提升、驯化筛选适生植物等技术,有效降低了煤炭开采引起的生态损伤。遥感监测表明,神东矿区2011—2015年技术应用初期,植被覆盖度50%左右,处在中高植被覆盖度级别,2018年植被覆盖度提高到62.4%,达到了高覆盖度水平。结合开采实践与理论研究,提出从开采源头设计着手、传导过程调控、末端修复治理采动损伤的全过程控制技术。

Aiming at contradiction between the damage of high-intensity mining and ecological protection in shallow coal mining area, the damage characteristics of high-intensity mining are summarized based on the geological mining conditions and ecological background characteristics of Shendong mining area. Shendong mining area adopts the technology of large working face rapid advancing to reduce the non-uniform settlement area, grouting to reduce the settlement of working face at the initial stage of mining, constructing underground reservoir to keep water and ecological utilization, burying surface cracks to keep water and soil moisture, improving the stress resistance of plant inoculated microorganisms, domesticating and screening suitable plants, which has alleviated the ecological damage caused by coal mining. Remote sensing monitoring shows that, in the initial stage of technology application from 2011 to 2015, the vegetation coverage of Shendong mining area is about 50%, which is in the middle and high vegetation coverage level. While in 2018, the number is 62.4%, reaching the high coverage level. Combining with mining practice and theoretical research, the whole process control technology is put forward, comprising mining design technology in the beginning, regulation technology in production, and repair and control technology for the post-mining damage.