足球练习对注意缺陷多动障碍男童执行功能的影响

Effects of Football Exercise on Executive Function of Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

目的:探讨足球练习对注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)男童执行功能的影响。方法:从某普通公立小学一、二年级学生中筛选ADHD男童16名,随机分为实验组和等待组各8名,按年龄相差不超过半岁标准募集正常对照组男生8名。全体被试正常参加学校各项体育活动,实验组进行为期6周的足球练习。6周前后分别采用Stroop色词测验、Rey-Osterrich复杂图形测验(CFT)和连线测验(TMT)测量被试执行功能三个子功能——抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性。结果:(1)干预前,实验组和等待组Stroop测试的C、D时间、D错误数、颜色干扰时、字义干扰时以及TMT的B时间和错误数均高于正常对照组,CFT各得分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组和等待组两组之间均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)干预后,实验组Stroop测试的A-D时间、D错误数、颜色干扰时和TMT各得分均显著低于等待组(P<0.05),而上述各结果实验组与对照组均无显著性差异(P>0.05);实验组CFT即时结构和细节记忆均显著高于等待组(P<0.05),但实验组和等待组的CFT各项得分仍显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:6周足球练习干预有助于提高6~8岁ADHD男童的执行功能,尤其是抑制控制和认知灵活性,但对延时工作记忆无显著影响。

Objective To explore the effect of football exercise on the executive function of boys with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Methods Sixteen boys diagnosed as ADHD were selected from grade one or two students of a primary school and randomly divided into an experimental group and a waiting group,each of 8. Eight age-matched normal controls were recruited from ADHD boys’ classmates. All the subjects normally participated in various sports activities in the school, while the experimental group additionally practiced football for 6 weeks. Stroop Color word test,Rey-Ostrich Complex Figure Test(CFT) and Trail Making Test(TMT) were used to evaluate the three sub-components of executive function including the inhibitory control,working memory and cognitive flexibility before and after the intervention. Results(1) Before the intervention,the C,D time,D error number,color interference time,word meaning interference time and B time and error number of TMT of the experimental group and waiting group were significantly higher than the normal control group(P<0.05), and the scores of CFT were lower than the control group(P<0.05). However,there was no significant difference between the experimental and waiting groups(P>0.05).(2)After the intervention,the scores of A-D time,D error number,color interference time and TMT of Stroop test of the experimental group were significantly lower than the waiting group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(P>0.05);The real-time structure and detail memory of CFT in the experimental group were significantly higher than the waiting group(P<0.05),but the scores of CFT in the experimental group and the waiting group were still significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion The 6-week football exercise helps to improve the executive function of ADHD boys aged 6-8, especially inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. However,it has no significant effect on the delayed working memory.