甲午战前日本陆军对中国东北地区的情报活动

Japan Army’s Intelligence Activities on Northeast China Region before the First Sino-Japanese War

“大陆政策”是近代日本的基本国策,而中国东北地区则是“大陆政策”的核心区域。明治日本对中国东北的情报活动几乎是与维新同步,在参谋本部成立后的数年之间就立刻迎来高峰,到《天津条约》签订前后进入新阶段,迟至甲午战争前一年福岛安正对中国东北的侦查,日本陆军已经掌握了从军事到社会、从气候到风土的全方位关于该地区的情报,并最终确立起清政府不堪一击的孱弱形象。可以认为,早在日俄战争以前,日本就已经有了殖民中国东北的计划和实践,而日本陆军对此地区的情报活动,正是对这一事实的注解。

The mainland policy was the basic national policy of modern Japan,and Northeast China Region was the core area of the mainland policy.Meiji Japan’s Northeast China Region intelligence activities almost kept pace with the Meiji reformation.It reached a peak in a few years after the establishment of the headquarters of the general staff.Before and after the Treaty of Tianjin,it ushered in a new stage.As late as the Manchurian investigation by Fukushima Yasumasa one year before the Sino Japanese War,the Japanese army had mastered all-round Northeast China Region intelligence from military affairs to society,from climate to local conditions,thus establishing that the Qing Dynasty was vulnerable image of the weak.Before the Russo Japanese War,Japan almost completely relied on the army for its intelligence on Northeast China Region,the Japanese army not only controlled intelligence,but also gradually had a say in foreign policy-making.Therefore,Japan’s defeat was not due to lack of intelligence or contempt of intelligence.On the contrary,it was the alienation of the system represented by the system of military ministers and the independence of the commander in chief,which eventually led to Japan being eaten back by intelligence.