关于垄断资本的一些理论含义——《垄断资本》未出版的一章

Some Theoretical Implications of Monopoly Capital——An Unpublished Chapter of Monopoly Capital

19世纪70年代以来,随着巨型公司的崛起、托拉斯化和垄断化浪潮的袭来,以及阶级斗争在剩余价值生产和分配过程中的重要作用,资本主义出现了一些重大变化。随着垄断资本主义生产力同生产关系的矛盾日趋尖锐,为垄断资本主义制度所根深蒂固的不合理性进行辩护的欲望日渐导致了一种新的拜物教和理性化的出现,经济学日益沦为替一个越来越倒退的经济社会秩序辩护的学科。在垄断资本主义制度下,销售努力从生产过程的辅助性角色演变为生产过程必不可少甚至起决定性作用的部分,生产与销售的融合成为垄断资本主义的典型特征之一。同时,劳动力价值也发生了重大变化。垄断利润不再仅仅取决于剩余价值总量在垄断资本之间的分配,还可通过降低工人实际工资的形式获得。国内生产净值在剩余价值与工资之间的分割不仅取决于生产过程,而且取决于流通过程。这意味着理解垄断资本主义的经济运动规律,不仅需要回到马克思主义政治经济学,而且需要在此基础上用经济剩余概念来解释当代资本主义的新变化。

With the rise of the giant corporations, the wave of trustification and monopolization as well as the key role of class struggle in the production and distribution of surplus value, capitalism has undergone some major changes since the 1870 s. The desire to justify the deep-seated irrationality of the monopoly capitalism increasingly leads to a new kind of fetishization and rationalization as the contradiction between the productive forces and relations of production intensifies. Economics has turned rapidly into apologetics for a more and more retrograde social and economic order. The sales effort develops from an auxiliary of the production process into an integral and indeed decisively important part of it at the phase of monopoly capitalism. The interpenetration of production and sales becomes one of the typical features of monopoly capitalism. The value of labor power becomes a flexible quantity susceptible to significant variations. Monopolistic profits can be earned under such circumstances not merely by the monopolists’ redistributing the aggregate surplus value in their favor, but by means of a price policy that reduces the real wages of labor. The distribution of net domestic production between surplus value and wages depends not only on the production process but also on the circulation process. To understand the laws of economic movement of monopoly capitalism, it is necessary not only to return to Marxist political economy, but also to use the concept of economic surplus to explain the new changes in contemporary capitalism.