数据商品及其二因素、劳动二重性的政治经济学分析

A Political Economic Analysis of Data Commodities,Its Two Factors and Labor Duality

数字经济时代的到来使数据要素日益重要,厘清数据和数据商品的内涵,明确数据商品的形成依据,挖掘数据商品的价值实现机制,有助于推动数据要素、数据商品和数字经济的健康发展。按照马克思主义政治经济学基本原理,数据商品首先是一般商品,同时在自然属性、功能属性和技术属性上又有其特殊性。数据商品二因素是指数据商品既具有传递信息、提供管理依据等能够满足人类某种需要的使用价值,又凝结了人类一般劳动,具有价值。生产数据商品的劳动同样具有二重性,具体劳动形成数据商品的使用价值,抽象劳动形成数据商品的价值。但目前数据商品的价值实现还不透明、权属界定不清,因此,需要建立健全数据商品价值实现机制、产权交易机制、法律保护机制、反垄断机制等,以规范数据商品的生产、交易和流通等环节。

The advent of the digital economy era has made data elements increasingly important.To clarify the connotation of data elements and data commodities,to clarify the basis for the formation of data commodities and to explore the value realization mechanism of data commodities will help promote the healthy development of data elements,data commodities and even the digital economy.According to the basic principles of Marxist political economy,data commodities are first and foremost general commodities,and at the same time they have their particularities in terms of natural attributes,functional attributes and technical attributes.The two factors of data commodities mean that data commodities not only have the use value that can satisfy some human needs,such as transmitting information and providing management basis,but also condensing the general human labor and have value.The labor of producing data commodities also has duality.Specific labor forms the use value of data commodities,and abstract labor forms the value of data commodities.However,the realization of the value of data commodities is still not transparent,and the definition of ownership is unclear.Therefore,we need to establish and improve the data commodity value realization mechanism,property rights transaction mechanism,legal protection mechanism,and antitrust mechanism to regulate the production,transaction,and circulation of data commodities.