当代俄罗斯的新外出打短工和轮换工作制——以人口减少和迁移过程为视角

New Otkhodnichestvo and Shift Labor Organization in the Processes of Depopulation and Settlement of Territories

劳动力的就业地和居住地经常不一致是当代俄罗斯的特点之一。劳动者一旦获得新的就业机会,就会引发跨地区和地区内的劳动力迁移。其中,钟摆式流动(每天到另一个居民点工作)和定期流动(因每天不便返回常住地而在新工作地点停留一段时间)占据重要位置。追溯历史,轮流工作现象起源于十月革命前的外出打短工。现在人们更为宽泛地使用“外出打短工”这一概念,直接将其等同于轮流工作。这种就业方式成为劳动力迁移的主流方向之一,也是导致区域人口减少的重要因素。遗憾的是,统计数据无法反映轮流工作的客观情况,因此不同研究者对该现象的评价迥异。俄罗斯单纯从雇主与员工的劳动关系角度立法调节企业的轮换工作制。但是研究表明,这种现象不仅建立起一种特殊的劳动组织形式,使众多俄罗斯人形成了特殊的生活方式,而且确定了地区和自治市特殊的经济社会活动空间组织秩序。莫斯科和一些大城市的轮流工作比较集中,而人口稀少地区则局限于固定的轮流作业居住点。应将这些居住点视为国家居民安置体系的独特组成部分,并以法律形式明确其与地方自治机构的关系。原文发表于俄罗斯《地区:经济学与社会学》杂志2021年第3期①,经作者同意在《西伯利亚研究》以中文刊发。文章中文标题有调整。

Modern Russia is characterized by a frequent discrepancy between the places of employment and the residence of the able-bodied population.Combined with the new opportunities for its spatial mobility,this has led to the development of intra-Russian and intraregional labor migrations. Among them,a significant place is occupied by pendulum migration( daily departure to the place of work in another locality) and shift labor organization( departure to a new place of work for a long time due to the irrationality of daily return to the place of permanent residence). The phenomenon of shift work historically grew out of the pre-revolutionary otkhodnichestvo,which does not fully coincide with that of seasonal work. Our contemporaries are increasingly using the term “otkhodnichestvo ” finding direct parallels with shift work.Such work is becoming one of the most dominant areas of labor migration and an active factor of spatially mediated depopulation,analyzed in the article published in the previous issue of this journal. Unfortunately,statistics do not allow us to obtain objective information about the shift labor phenomenon,and therefore its estimates by different researchers differ significantly. Legally,shift work in Russia is regulated only from the point of view of this employment relationship between the employer and the employee. However,the article shows that this work situation determines not only the special organization of labor but also the special order of organizing the lives of millions of Russian citizens and the spatial organization of economic and social activities in the regions and municipalities of Russia. The concentration of shift work is noted in Moscow and several other large cities,and in poorly populated areas of Russia,it is localized in stationary shift settlements. They are proposed to be considered as a kind of components of the settlement system with the legal establishment of relations with local self-government bodies. The original text was published in the third issue of Russia’s magazine Region: Economics and Sociology in 2021,and then published in China ’s magazine Siberian Studies with the author’s consent.