针对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2变异株Omicron的疫苗研究进展

Progress in Vaccine Research Against SARS-CoV-2 Variant Omicron

2021年底,严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 Omicron变异株迅速取代Delta突变株在世界范围内广泛流行,其S蛋白具有36个位点突变,导致致病力和传播力发生明显变化,并且具备了免疫逃逸的能力。疫苗接种是目前疫情防控最普适的手段,研究发现,现有疫苗针对Omicron突变株的保护效果明显下降。新的免疫策略或特异性疫苗/多价疫苗针对Omicron有效性的评估均需要动物模型的支撑。在实验室条件下,利用动物模型进行活病毒攻击实验,是在体内验证保护性中和抗体、疫苗有效性的关键技术手段,本文将从动物模型方向综述国内外针对Omicron变异株的疫苗研究进展。

By the end of 2021,the Omicron mutant of SARS-CoV-2 rapidly replaced the Delta mutant and became widely prevalent worldwide.Its S protein was mutated at 36 sites,resulting in significant changes in virulence and transmissibility,and was capable of immune escape.Both human and animal studies showed that the Omicron mutant was less virulent than the previous circulating strains.Vaccination is currently the most common means of epidemic prevention and control.Studies have found that the protection of vaccines against Omicron mutant strains has significantly decreased.Therefore,animal models are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of new immunization strategies or specific/polyvalent vaccines against Omicron.Animal experiments showed that booster immunization can prevent Omicron infection to a certain extent,which is one of the important directions to explore the immunization strategy against Omicron mutant.Besides,protective effects of specific and polyvalent vaccines have also been preliminarily confirmed,and subsequent preclinical trials are progressing.The development of polyvalent vaccines against existing and potential mutant strains is of great significance for epidemic prevention and control.In laboratory conditions,using animal model to carry out live virus attack experiment is a key technical means to verify the effectiveness of protective neutralizing antibody and vaccine in vivo.This article will review the research progress of vaccine against Omicron variant strain from the direction of animal model.