北宋衙前酬奖考论

A Study on Yaqian Rewards in the Northern Song Dynasty

北宋役法变革首要解决的是衙前赔费破产,其中的关键在于衙前酬奖。衙前酬奖以“重难分数”为计算标准,衙前必须经历重难工作,主管官物无损耗方可获得经营酒坊权或现钱酬偿。重难分数不仅是描述衙前工作强度的标准,也用于核算某个地区衙前工作的数量。重难和优轻是衙前两种不同强度的工作,重难钱指免役法下经历重难工作后衙前所获的支酬钱。差役法下长名衙前的雇食钱,因地区差异而兑现不一;免役法下衙前雇食钱主要来自于免役钱,元祐初年废止征收免役钱之后,也从坊场、河渡钱中开支。无论是重难钱或是雇食钱、支酬钱,在免役法施行以后都是现钱支酬,这种酬偿方式折射出的酬奖特征,蕴含了北宋役法改革的动力。北宋衙前酬偿的现钱化表明,衙前役法问题是否能真正解决,并不在于户等制如何调整,而是要积极抽离出现钱酬奖的面相,尽可能调动应役人的积极性。

The labor decree reform of the Northern Song Dynasty first solved the problem of Yaqian’s compensation and bankruptcy,and the key was Yaqian’s reward.Yaqian rewards are calculated based on“Difficulty scores”.They must go through hard work and oversee the transportation of official property without loss to obtain compensation.The“Difficulty score”not only describes the intensity of Yaqian’s work,but also calculates the number of jobs in a certain area.Difficulty and easy are two different intensities of Yaqian’s work,and“Difficulty money”refers to the“Compensation money”they get after experiencing hard work.Before the implementation of the Hired Service System,the cash of Yaqian’s hiring money was different from place to place.After that,Yaqian’s hiring money was mainly from exemption money.Yaqian’s hiring money was spent from business tax in the early years of Yuanyou.These types of money usually refer to the value of employment,daily subsidies,or compensation after hard work,and they are all paid in cash.This compensation method reflects the characteristics of rewards and contains the impetus for the reform of the Northern Song Dynasty service law.The cashing of Yaqian rewards is the key to solving Yaqian’s problems,and it can mobilize the enthusiasm of conscripts.