循环籴粜与储粮备荒:南宋桩管米的赈灾及其实效

Recycling Sales and Storing up Grain against Famine: The Disaster Relief and Effectiveness of Zhuangguan Grain in Southern Song Dynasty

桩管米是南宋朝廷在地方储存的应急物资,主要来源于上供米的截留和籴买。籴买包括中央制定的和籴计划和地方守臣职权范围内的主动籴买。地方桩管米的大规模出现是在丰储仓廪实的乾道初年以后,一般储存在既便于供给军需、又位于江河沿岸水运便利且有山湖之险处。桩管米的空间分布深受南宋政治地理格局影响,主要集中在长江中下游沿江州府军及四川关外四州,而三个独立攻防区的南部则较少,这导致各地赈灾粮食来源和方式不尽相同。桩管米的分布地域广、储量大,被频繁用于赈灾,对于维护南宋社会稳定发挥着重要作用,但赈粜米价过高、“循环籴粜”及“不得有亏元数”等管理原则又制约着赈灾的实际效果。

Zhuangguan grain(the grain storaged by the central government)was an emergency material stored by the Southern Song Dynasty.Its grain comes mainly from the interception of the grains provided by each provincial authority and from government purchases.Purchase includes the plan of buying by the central government and local governor within the scope of authority of the initiative purchase.Zhuangguan grain in the local appeared on a large scale after the first year of the Qiandao with sufficient grains storage in the“Feng chu cang”.It is generally stored in a place that is convenient for supplying military supplies,and for water transportation that along rivers and in the dangerous place of mountains and lakes.The spatial distribution of Zhuangguan grain is deeply influenced by the political and geographical situation of the Southern Song Dynasty,and has obvious regional differences.It is mainly concentrated in the states along the middle reaches and downstream of the Yangtze River and the four states outside Jianmen Pass in Sichuan Province.The southern part of the three“independent offensive and defensive zones”has less storage,which also leads to different sources and methods of grains for disaster relief in different regions.Zhuangguan grain has a wide distribution area and large reserves.It is frequently used for disaster relief which make it play an important role in maintaining social stability in the Southern Song Dynasty.