集体化时期农户超支现象简析——以1970年湖北省浠水县十月大队为例

A Brief Analysis of Over Expenditure of Peasant Households in Collectivization Period: Take October Group in Xishui County, Hubei in 1970 as an Example

集体化时期,农户超支现象普遍且影响很大。集中劳动和统一分配的制度安排是超支现象的土壤,包含着超支形成的微观机制。集中劳动的工分制度量化了农户对集体的劳动投入,而主要按人口数量进行的分配制度一方面反映了集体为农户的日常生活提供基本保障的功能,另一方面,它又导致人口数量多而劳动力少的农户分配所得大于劳动投入,出现了大量账面欠款的超支户,从而形成超支现象。国家实行重工业优先发展战略需要从农村汲取剩余,导致社队集体可供分配的实物更少。平均主义的分配趋势和分配兑现难也促使农户产生超支“竞争”。这些因素叠加在一起,使集体化时期农户超支现象呈现广化和深化的特征。最终随着人民公社制度的解体,农户超支现象逐步退出历史舞台。

Over expenditure of Peasant Households during the collectivization period was common and highly influential.The institutional arrangement of centralized labor and uniform distribution is the soil of the overspending phenomenon and contains the microscopic mechanism of overspending formation.While the centralized labor work—point system quantifies farmers’labor input to the collective,the distribution system,which is mainly based on population size,reflects the function of the collective to provide basic security for farmers’daily life on the one hand,and on the other hand,it leads to the phenomenon of Over expenditure of Peasant Households which farmers with a large number of people and a small labor force often receive more than the labor input in the distribution.The state’s strategy of prioritizing the development of heavy industry requires drawing surplus from the countryside,resulting in even less in—kind goods available for distribution by the community groups.The tendency of egalitarian distribution and the difficulty of cashing out the distribution also contribute to the“competition”for Over expenditure of Peasant Households.The combination of these factors has led to a broadening and deepening of the phenomenon of Over expenditure of Peasant Households during the collectivization period.Eventually,with the disintegration of the People’s Commune system,the phenomenon of peasant overspending has gradually withdrawn from the stage of history.