社会科学研究中的自然—科学式与描述主义

Natural-scientific and Descriptivism in Social Sciences

自然—科学式与描述主义研究模式,是罗伯特·毕夏普提出的五种广义社会科学研究方法之二,涉及了从社会科学建立之初便已经开始讨论的很多内容。事实是,无论是对客观性与确定性的追求,还是对主体及其行为在“存在”与“发生”上的追溯,都难免有所牺牲。宽泛地说,自然—科学式研究模式更注重对理论—证据—现象三元关系的方法论讨论,社会科学首先应该是一种科学;而描述主义则更喜欢对主体的存在状态进行哲学分析,我们应该在明确社会科学对象的前提下再对现象进行理解。在这个意义上,对二者的讨论又难免让我们回到“社会科学的目的是什么”这一问题。

Natural-scientific and descriptivism are two of the five broad social science research methods proposed by Robert bishop,which involve many contents that have been discussed since the establishment of social science.The fact is that no matter the pursuit of objectivity and certainty,or the tracing of the subject and its behavior in"existence"and"occurrence",it is inevitable to sacrifice.Broadly speaking,the research model of natural science pays more attention to the methodological discussion of the ternary relationship between theory,evidence and phenomenon.Social science should first be a science;Descriptivism prefers philosophical analysis of the existence state of the subject.We should understand the phenomenon on the premise of clarifying the object of social science.In this sense,the discussion of the two inevitably brings us back to the question of"what is the purpose of social science".