区域粮食产量因灾损失评估之东北三省灾情-产量模型再检验

Assessment Regional Grain Yield Loss Based on Re-Examination of Disaster-Yield Model in Three Northeastern Provinces

为阐明新时期东北三省粮食生产在中国粮食安全战略中的重要性,定量评估气候变化背景下气象灾害对区域粮食产量造成的损失,利用1981−2020年粮食种植面积、产量和农业灾情统计数据,对比分析东北三省和全国粮食产量与灾情的变化特征;采用已构建的灾情−产量评估模型,输入近10a灾情数据,估算东北三省粮食产量因灾损失及最终产量,并对已建灾情−产量评估模型的敏感性和稳定性进行检验。结果表明:(1)1981−2020年,东北三省粮食种植面积、总产量大幅增加,占全国比例稳步提高,2020年种植面积、2012年以来总产量占比均达到全国的1/5。(2)在全国灾情呈先增强后减轻的显著变化趋势下,东北三省灾情并无明显增减趋势,40a内全国和东北三省粮食单产分别以65.96kg·hm^(−2)·a^(−1)和252.5kg·hm^(−2)·a^(−1)增加,近10a东北三省粮食单产极显著增加,增幅为52.6kg·hm^(−2)·a^(−1)。(3)2011−2020年全国平均受灾面积、成灾面积分别为23704.5×10^(3)和11204.7×10^(3)hm^(2),东北三省分别为3899.1×10^(3)和1900.0×10^(3)hm^(2);10a内全国和东北三省的灾情均显著低于前3个年代,是40a中灾情相对最轻的10a。(4)灾情−产量评估模型的模拟精确度高,黑龙江、吉林、辽宁粮食产量模拟值与实测值的线性回归决定系数(R^(2))分别为0.98、0.90和0.88;斜率分别为1.05、1.02和0.98(P<0.01);40a平均因灾损失率分别为10.4%、17.9%和18.0%,50%的年份因灾损失率高于8.0%、17.0%和16.0%。(5)受灾情总体偏轻的影响,该模型对吉林和辽宁近10a的粮食产量略有高估。基于1981−2010年数据构建的区域粮食因灾损失评估模型,经检验能很好地评估气象灾害对粮食产量造成的损失,具有预测粮食产量的性能,具备业务化应用的可行性。气象灾害对东北三省粮食产量的影响大于对全国灾情影响的平均水平,鉴于东北粮食产量在全国粮食产量的占比较高,新时期防范东北地区农业气象灾害风险对保障国家粮食安全至关重要。

The aims of this paper is to illustrate the importance of grain production in China's food security strategy based on the three Northeastern provinces (NEP) in the new period, which quantitative assessment of climate change under the background of the loss caused by meteorological disasters of regional food production is clarify. In this paper, using grain planting area, yield and agricultural disaster statistics from 1981 to 2020, comparison analysis grain production and disaster characteristics between NEP and the whole country respectively. The disaster-yield assessment model was used to estimate the disaster-yield loss and final yield of the NEP by inputting disaster data in recent 10 years, and the sensitivity and stability of the disaster-yield assessment model were re-tested. The results showed that :(1) from 1981 to 2020, the grain planting area and total output in NEP increased significantly, and the proportion of the total output of NEP increased steadily, and the proportion of the total output of the three northeast provinces reached 1/5 of the total output of the whole country by 2020. (2) The disaster situation in NEP showed a significant trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The incrasing of average grain yield during the past 40 years was 65.96kg·ha^(−1) and 252.5kg·ha^(−1) per year for NEP and the whole country, while the incrasing of average grain yield during the past 10 years was 52.6kg·ha^(−1) per year for NEP significantly. (3) From 2011 to 2020, the average affected area and affected area in China were 23704.5×10^(3)ha and 11204.7×10^(3)ha , respectively, and 3899.1×10^(3)ha and 1900.0×10^(3)ha, respectively. In this decade, the disasters of the whole country and the three northeastern provinces were significantly lower than those of the previous three years, making it the decade with the least severe disasters in 40 years. (4) The simulation accuracy of the disaster-yield assessment model was high. The linear regression coefficients (R^(2)) of simulated grain yield and measured grain yield in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces were 0.98, 0.90 and 0.88, respectively. The slopes were 1.05, 1.02 and 0.98 (P < 0.01), respectively. The loss rate of grain yield due to agro-disaster was 10.4%, 17.9% and 18.0% respectively in the three province, while which was more than 8.0%, 17.0% and 16.0% for 20a.years. (5) The model slightly overestimated the grain yield of Jilin and Liaoning in recent 10 years due to the overall light disaster situation. Based on the data from 1981 to 2010, the regional grain disaster loss assessment model was proved to be able to evaluate the loss of grain yield caused by meteorological disasters well, and had the performance of predicting grain yield, and has the feasibility of operational application. The impact of meteorological disasters on the grain output in northeast China is higher than the average level of disasters in the whole country. Considering that the grain output in Northeast China accounts for a high proportion of the national grain output, preventing the risk of agro-meteorological disasters in Northeast China in the new period is of great importance to guarantee the national food security.