阔叶红松林物种多样性与土壤理化特征研究

Study on Species Diversity and Soil Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis Forest

以湿生、中生、旱生的云杉Picea spp.-冷杉Abies spp.-红松Pinus koraiensis林(PLP)、椴树Tilia spp.-红松林(TPi)和蒙古栎Quercus mongolica-红松林(QP)为研究对象,分析3种林型之间植被物种多样性与土壤理化特征的差异,采用冗余分析的方法,探讨土壤理化特征对物种多样性的影响机制,以期为阔叶红松林的生物多样性保护和森林的可持续经营提供理论基础。结果表明,(1)研究区云杉-冷杉-红松林有40种,隶属于31科36属,椴树-红松林有49种,隶属于37科46属,蒙古栎-红松林有37种,隶属于21科25属,其中,椴树-红松林的物种结构组成丰富,蒙古栎-红松林物种组成结构最贫乏。(2)3种林型乔木层的丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数之间差异显著,均以椴树-红松林的最高,显著高于其他两个林型。灌木层的丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数之间差异不显著;草本层丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数之间差异显著,均呈现椴树-红松林最高,蒙古栎-红松林最低的分布。(3)3种林型土壤容重、含水量、全磷和全氮之间差异显著,土壤pH差异不显著。(4)冗余分析表明,土壤容重、全磷和含水量是显著影响乔木层、灌木层和草本层物种多样性的主要环境因子。小兴安岭阔叶红松林物种多样性与土壤理化特征具有相关性,调节土壤含水量、改善土壤通气性、补充土壤营养成分可促进林下植被生长发育,从而提高物种多样性。在生产经营中可以补充磷肥和抚育间伐等管理,保持良好的土壤性能,为更多物种的生存和发育提供良好的条件。

In this study,wet,medium and dry Picea spp.-Abies spp.-Pinus koraiensis forests(PLP),Tilia spp.-Pinus koraiensis forests(TPi),and Quercus mongolica-Pinus koraiensis forests(QP)were used as the research objects to analyze the vegetation species diversity among the three forest types.In order to provide a theoretical basis for biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest,redundancy analysis was used to explore the impact mechanism of soil physical and chemical characteristics on species diversity.The results show that(1)there were 40 species in the PLP in the study area,belonging to 31 families and 36 genera,49 species in the TPi,belonging to 37 families and 46 genera,and 37 species in the QP,belonging to 21 families and 25 genera.Among them,the species structure of TPi was rich,and the species composition of QP was poor.(2)There were significant differences in the tree layer richness index,Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson dominance index,and Pielou evenness index among the three forest types.All of them showed the highest values in TPi,significantly higher than those of the other two forest types.The richness index,Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson dominance index,and Pielou evenness index of shrub layer were not significantly different;the herb layer richness index,Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson dominance index,and Pielou evenness index varied significantly,showing the highest distribution in TPi and the lowest distribution in QP.(3)There were significant differences in soil bulk density,water content,total phosphorus content,and total nitrogen content among the three forest types,but their differences in soil pH were not significant.(4)Redundancy analysis showed that soil bulk density,total phosphorus content,and water content were the main environmental factors that significantly affected species diversity in the tree layer,shrub layer,and herb layer.In conclusion,there is a correlation between species diversity and soil physical and chemical characteristics of broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest in Xiaoxing’an Mountains.Adjusting soil water content,improving soil aeration,and supplementing soil nutrients can promote the growth and development of understory vegetation,thereby increasing species diversity.Management can be supplemented with phosphate fertilizer and tending and thinning to maintain soil performance and provide suitable conditions for the survival and development of more species.